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The British Journal of Psychiatry 130: 298-304 (1977)
© 1977 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
HW Kosterlitz and J Hughes
The reasons which led to the search in the brain for substances with morphine-like actions actions are discussed. Two pentapeptides, methionineenkephalin and leucine-enkephalin, were isolated. The amino acid sequence of methionine-enkephalin occurs also in the pituitary prohormone beta-lipotropin, of which longer fragments (endorphins) of up to 31 amino acids exhibit strong morphine-like action. The physiological significance of these short and long opioid peptides is discussed, particularly with regard to their possible roles as neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. With regard to the mechanisms involved in the development of tolerance to and dependence on opiates, the importance of interaction between the endogenous opioid peptides and the exogenous opiate alkaloids is stressed. The possible therapeutic implications are discussed briefly.
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J. Barker, J. Neale, T. Smith Jr, and R. Macdonald Opiate peptide modulation of amino acid responses suggests novel form of neuronal communication Science, March 31, 1978; 199(4336): 1451 - 1453. [Abstract] [PDF] |
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