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The British Journal of Psychiatry 174: 312-321 (1999)
© 1999 The Royal College of Psychiatrists

Depression in Europe. Geographical distribution among older people

JR Copeland, AT Beekman, ME Dewey, C Hooijer, A Jordan, BA Lawlor, A Lobo, H Magnusson, AH Mann, I Meller, MJ Prince, F Reischies, C Turrina, MW deVries and KC Wilson
Department of Psychiatry, University of Liverpool, USA.

BACKGROUND: This is the first report of results from the EURODEP Programme. AIMS: To assess the prevalence of depression judged suitable for intervention in randomised samples of those aged > or = 65 in nine European centres. METHOD: The GMS-AGECAT package. RESULTS: Differences in prevalence are apparent, 8.8% (Iceland) to 236% (Munich). When sub- cases and cases are added together, five high- and four low-scoring centres emerge. Women predominated over men. Proportions of sub-cases to cases revealed striking differences but did not explain prevalence. There was no constant association between prevalence and age. A meta- analysis (n = 13,808) gave an overall prevalence of 12.3%, 14.1% for women and 8.6% for men. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable variation occurs in the levels of depression across Europe, the cause for which is not immediately obvious. Case and sub-case levels taken together show greater variability, suggesting that it is not a matter of case/sub- case selection criteria, which were standardised by computer. Substantial levels of depression are shown but 62-82% of persons had no depressive level. Opportunities for treatment exist.


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