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The British Journal of Psychiatry (2001) 178: s184-s190
© 2001 The Royal College of Psychiatrists

Long-term clinical effectiveness of lithium maintenance treatment in types I and II bipolar disorders

LEONARDO TONDO, MD1

1 Department of Psychology, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA

ROSS J. BALDESSARINI, MD2

2 International Consortium for Bipolar Disorders Research, Bipolar and Psychotic Disorders Program, McLean Division of Massachusetts General Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, and Consolidated Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

GIANFRANCO FLORIS, MD3

3 Centro Lucio Bini, Cagliari, and Department of Psychology, University of Cagliari, Sardinia

Correspondence: Dr Leonardo Tondo, Centro Lucio Bini, 28 Via Cavalcanti, 09128 Cagliari, Italy. Tel: +39 070 486 624; fax: +39 070 496 354; e-mail: Itondo{at}aol.com

Declaration of interest R.B. has recently served as a consultant or received research support from: Biostream, Janssen, Eli Lllly, Protarga and Solvay.

Background The effectiveness of lithium is being questioned increasingly and requires clarification.

Aims To assess the effectiveness of lithium treatment in depression and mania, syndromal types I and II, with predominantly mixed or psychotic episodes or rapid cycling, during treatment resumed following discontinuation, and across three decades.

Method The longitudinal course of 360 patients with bipolar disorder compliant with lithium treatment for at least I year and without comorbidity for substance use disorder was reviewed.

Results Risk of single-episode recurrences, a common index of treatment failure, was similar to that in other reports. Both episode frequency and ‘time ill’ improved more in type II than type I cases. Reduced morbidity during treatment was similar in patients with mixed or psychotic episodes, or rapid cycling, and in less complex cases. Retreatment yielded minor decrements in response, and there was no tendency for lesser responses in more recent years.

Conclusions Based on overall affective morbidity, long-term lithium treatment in compliant patients without comorbid substance use disorder, though imperfect, remains effective, even in subgroups of supposedly poor prognosis.




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Potentially Harmful and Ignored Side Effect of Lithium Therapy
Kate M. Reeh
BJP Online, 25 Jun 2004 [Full text]