© 2001 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
Mental disorders and cause-specific mortality
Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu
National Public Health Institute, Helsinki
Social Insurance Institution, Helsinki
National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health, Helsinki, Finland
Correspondence: Matti Joukamaa, Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 5000, FIN-90401 Oulu, Finland. Tel: +358 8315 7374; fax: +358 8 333 167; e-mail: matti.joukamaa{at}oulu.fi
Declaration of interest This study was funded by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland.
See editorial, pp.
477–478, this issue.
Background The impact of clinically diagnosed mental disorders on mortality in the general population has not been established.
Aims To examine mental disorders for their prediction of cause-specific mortality.
Method Mental disorders were determined using the 36-item version of the General Health Questionnaire and the Present State Examination in a nationally representative sample of 8000 adult Finns.
Results During the 17-year follow-up period 1597 deaths occurred. The presence of a mental disorder detected at baseline was associated with an elevated mortality rate. The relative risk in men was 1.6(95% confidence interval 1.3-1.8) and in women, 1.4 (95% Cl 1.2-1.6). In men and women with schizophrenia the relative risks of death during the follow-up period were 3.3 (95% Cl 2.3-4.9) and 2.3 (95% Cl 1.3-3.8) respectively, compared with the rest of the sample. In both men and women with schizophrenia the risk of dying of respiratory disease was increased, but the risk of dying of cardiovascular disease was increased only in men with neurotic depression.
Conclusions Schizophrenia and depression are associated with an elevated risk of natural and unnatural deaths.
Related articles in BJP:
- Highlights of this issue
- ELIZABETH WALSH
BJP 2001 179: 0.[Full Text] - Mortality statistics in psychiatry
- ANDREW C. P. SIMS
BJP 2001 179: 477-478.[Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  C. D. Morris, G. J. Tedeschi, J. A. Waxmonsky, M. May, and A. A. Giese Tobacco Quitlines and Persons With Mental Illnesses: Perspective, Practice, and Direction Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, February 1, 2009; 15(1): 32 - 40. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. C Papadopoulos, A. Ekbom, L. Brandt, and L. Ekselius Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa The British Journal of Psychiatry, January 1, 2009; 194(1): 10 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. W. Eaton, S. S. Martins, G. Nestadt, O. J. Bienvenu, D. Clarke, and P. Alexandre The Burden of Mental Disorders Epidemiol. Rev., November 1, 2008; 30(1): 1 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Hotopf, M. Henderson, and D. Kuh Invited Commentary: Stress and Mortality Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2008; 168(5): 492 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. V. Cooper, B. S. Hanson, R. S. Burke, and Y. M. Hunt Sequential Treatment for Nicotine Dependence and Postcessation Weight Concern in a Female Diagnosed with Paranoid Schizophrenia Clinical Case Studies, August 1, 2008; 7(4): 340 - 355. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Campion, K. Checinski, J. Nurse, and A. McNeill Smoking by people with mental illness and benefits of smoke-free mental health services Advan. Psychiatr. Treat., May 1, 2008; 14(3): 217 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Sacchetti, G. Trifiro, A. Caputi, C. Turrina, E. Spina, C. Cricelli, O. Brignoli, E. Sessa, and G. Mazzaglia Risk of stroke with typical and atypical anti-psychotics: a retrospective cohort study including unexposed subjects J Psychopharmacol, January 1, 2008; 22(1): 39 - 46. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Hippisley-Cox, Y. Vinogradova, C. Coupland, and C. Parker Risk of Malignancy in Patients With Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder: Nested Case-Control Study Arch Gen Psychiatry, December 1, 2007; 64(12): 1368 - 1376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. A. Shipley, A. Weiss, G. Der, M. D. Taylor, and I. J. Deary Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Mortality in the UK Health and Lifestyle Survey: A 21-Year Prospective Cohort Study Psychosom Med, November 1, 2007; 69(9): 923 - 931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Saha, D. Chant, and J. McGrath A Systematic Review of Mortality in Schizophrenia: Is the Differential Mortality Gap Worsening Over Time? Arch Gen Psychiatry, October 1, 2007; 64(10): 1123 - 1131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Mykletun, O. Bjerkeset, M. Dewey, M. Prince, S. Overland, and R. Stewart Anxiety, Depression, and Cause-Specific Mortality: The HUNT Study Psychosom Med, May 1, 2007; 69(4): 323 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Williams and J. Foulds Successful Tobacco Dependence Treatment in Schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry, February 1, 2007; 164(2): 222 - 227. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. P. J. Osborn, G. Levy, I. Nazareth, I. Petersen, A. Islam, and M. B. King Relative Risk of Cardiovascular and Cancer Mortality in People With Severe Mental Illness From the United Kingdom's General Practice Research Database Arch Gen Psychiatry, February 1, 2007; 64(2): 242 - 249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Perala, J. Suvisaari, S. I. Saarni, K. Kuoppasalmi, E. Isometsa, S. Pirkola, T. Partonen, A. Tuulio-Henriksson, J. Hintikka, T. Kieseppa, et al. Lifetime Prevalence of Psychotic and Bipolar I Disorders in a General Population Arch Gen Psychiatry, January 1, 2007; 64(1): 19 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Nicholson, H. Kuper, and H. Hemingway Depression as an aetiologic and prognostic factor in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of 6362 events among 146 538 participants in 54 observational studies Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2006; 27(23): 2763 - 2774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Jochelson Smoke-free legislation and mental health units: the challenges ahead The British Journal of Psychiatry, December 1, 2006; 189(6): 479 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. V. Riordan, S. Selvaraj, C. Stark, and J. S. E. Gilbert Perinatal circumstances and risk of offspring suicide: Birth cohort study The British Journal of Psychiatry, December 1, 2006; 189(6): 502 - 507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Campion, A. McNeill, and K. Checinski Exempting mental health units from smoke-free laws. BMJ, August 26, 2006; 333(7565): 407 - 408. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. JOUKAMAA, M. HELIOVAARA, P. KNEKT, A. AROMAA, R. RAITASALO, and V. LEHTINEN Schizophrenia, neuroleptic medication and mortality The British Journal of Psychiatry, February 1, 2006; 188(2): 122 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kisely, M. Smith, D. Lawrence, and S. Maaten Mortality in individuals who have had psychiatric treatment: Population-based study in Nova Scotia The British Journal of Psychiatry, December 1, 2005; 187(6): 552 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. R. Richardson, G. Faulkner, J. McDevitt, G. S. Skrinar, D. S. Hutchinson, and J. D. Piette Integrating Physical Activity Into Mental Health Services for Persons With Serious Mental Illness Psychiatr Serv, March 1, 2005; 56(3): 324 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Connolly and C. Kelly Lifestyle and physical health in schizophrenia Advan. Psychiatr. Treat., March 1, 2005; 11(2): 125 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. J. O'Donnell, R. L. Kradin, A. E. Evins, and C. Wittram Case 39-2004 - A 52-Year-Old Woman with Recurrent Episodes of Atypical Pneumonia N. Engl. J. Med., December 23, 2004; 351(26): 2741 - 2749. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Himelhoch, A. Lehman, J. Kreyenbuhl, G. Daumit, C. Brown, and L. Dixon Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Those With Serious Mental Illness Am J Psychiatry, December 1, 2004; 161(12): 2317 - 2319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. P. J. Van Hout, A. T. F. Beekman, E. De Beurs, H. Comijs, H. Van Marwijk, M. De Haan, W. Van Tilburg, and D. J. H. Deeg Anxiety and the risk of death in older men and women The British Journal of Psychiatry, November 1, 2004; 185(5): 399 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Cormac, D. Martin, and M. Ferriter Improving the physical health of long-stay psychiatric in-patients Advan. Psychiatr. Treat., March 1, 2004; 10(2): 107 - 115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Korkeila, V. Lehtinen, R. Bijl, O.-S. Dalgard, V. Kovess, A. Morgan, and H. J. Salize Review Article: Establishing a set of mental health indicators for Europe Scand J Public Health, December 1, 2003; 31(6): 451 - 459. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Strydom Mental disorders predicted all cause and cause specific deaths in Finnish adults Evid. Based Ment. Health, August 1, 2002; 5(3): 93 - 93. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. P. SIMS Mortality statistics in psychiatry The British Journal of Psychiatry, December 1, 2001; 179(6): 477 - 478. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|