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Cognitive style in bipolar disorder

Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Birmingham;

JAN SCOTT, FRCPsych

Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London;

SAYEED HAQUE, PhD

Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital;

KATHERINE GORDON-SMITH, BSc

Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, and Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff;

JESSICA HERON, BA, SIAN CAESAR and CAROLINE COOPER, BSc

Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital;

LIZ FORTY, BA

Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, and Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff;

SALLY HYDE, BSc, LOUISA LYON, BA and JAYNE GREENING, MRCPsych

Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital;

PAK SHAM, MRCPsych, ANNE FARMER, FRCPsych and PETER McGUFFIN, FRCPsych

SGDP Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London;

IAN JONES, MRCPsych

Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, and Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff;

NICK CRADDOCK, MRCPsych

Department of Psychiatry, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, and Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

Correspondence: Dr Lisa Jones, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Psychiatric Hospital, Birmingham B15 2QZ, UK. Tel: +44 121 678 2362; fax: +44 121 678 2351; e-mail: l.a.jones{at}bham.ac.uk

Declaration of interest None.

Background Abnormalities of cognitive style in bipolar disorder are of both clinical and theoretical importance.

Aims To compare cognitive style in people with affective disorders and in healthy controls.

Method Self-rated questionnaires were administered to 118 individuals with bipolar I disorder, 265 with unipolar major recurrent depression and 268 healthy controls. Those with affective disorder were also interviewed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry and case notes were reviewed.

Results Those with bipolar disorder and those with unipolar depression demonstrated different patterns of cognitive style from controls; negative self-esteem best discriminated between those with affective disorders and controls; measures of cognitive style were substantially affected by current levels of depressive symptomatology; patterns of cognitive style were similar in bipolar and unipolar disorder when current mental state was taken into account.

Conclusions Those with affective disorder significantly differed from controls on measures of cognitive style but there were no differences between unipolar and bipolar disorders when current mental state was taken into account.

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