The British Journal of Psychiatry (2010) 196: 109-115. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.108.060368
© 2010 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
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Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study

James H. MacCabe, BSc, MBBS, MRCPsych, MSc, PhD

Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK

Mats P. Lambe, MD, PhD and Sven Cnattingius, MD, PhD

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Pak C. Sham, MA, MSc, MRCPsych, Anthony S. David, MD, MSc, FRCPsych, Abraham Reichenberg, PhD and Robin M. Murray, DSc, FRCPsych

Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK

Christina M. Hultman, PhD

Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Correspondence: Correspondence: James H. MacCabe, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. Email: j.maccabe{at}iop.kcl.ac.uk

Declaration of interest

None.

Background

Anecdotal and biographical reports suggest that bipolar disorder may be associated with high IQ or creativity, but evidence for any such connection is weak.

Aims

To investigate possible associations between scholastic achievement and later bipolar disorder, using prospective data, in a whole-population cohort study.

Method

Using individual school grades from all individuals finishing compulsory schooling in Sweden between 1988 and 1997, we tested associations between scholastic achievement at age 15–16 and hospital admission for psychosis between ages 17 and 31, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Individuals with excellent school performance had a nearly fourfold increased risk of later bipolar disorder compared with those with average grades (hazard ratio HR = 3.79, 95% CI 2.11–6.82). This association appeared to be confined to males. Students with the poorest grades were also at moderately increased risk of bipolar disorder (HR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.06–3.28).

Conclusions

These findings provide support for the hypothesis that exceptional intellectual ability is associated with bipolar disorder.


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