© 2000 The Royal College of Psychiatrists
Correspondence |
Comments on Jerusalem syndrome
PO Box 53199, Jerusalem 91531, Israel
As the authors of several articles on Jerusalem syndrome (Bar El et al, 1991; Witztum & Kalian, 1999), we would like to add our comments to the paper by Bar-El et al (2000). If epidemiological data supporting Bar-El et al's typology exist, it is regrettable that they were not presented in their article. To our knowledge, such data have not been found in previous studies (Bar El et al, 1991). The psychiatric hospitalisation of tourists in Jerusalem is uncommon (around 50 patients per year, from among almost two million tourists). The condition is much less prominent than problems faced by local services in other major cities (Parshall, 1995; Tannock & Turner, 1995). Contrary to some ‘doomsday’ predictions, so far, there has been no significant increase in the rate of tourist hospitalisations due to the new millennium. In our view, perhaps Jerusalem syndrome should be regarded as a unique cultural phenomenon because of its overwhelming theatrical characteristics (Witztum & Kalian, 2000). Such dramatic qualities have been reported by various biographers since the establishment of pilgrimage and tourism to the Holy City (Witztum & Kalian, 1999). In view of our accumulated data, Jerusalem should not be regarded as a pathogenic factor, since the morbid ideation of the affected travellers started elsewhere. Jerusalem syndrome should be regarded as an aggravation of a chronic mental illness, and not a transient psychotic episode. The eccentric conduct and bizarre behaviour of these colourful yet mainly psychotic visitors became dramatically overt once they reached the Holy City - a geographical locus containing the axis mundi of their religious belief (Turner, 1973).
We would also like to comment on another inaccurate interpretation, relating to Gogol's pilgrimage. It had nothing to do with Jerusalem syndrome. Nikolai Gogol suffered from manic depression, severe hypochondriasis and physical ailments, and he set out to Jerusalem (acts of pilgrimage were widely encouraged in tsarist Russia) hoping to alleviate his long-standing suffering (Witztum et al, 2000).
REFERENCES
- Bal El, I., Witztum, E., Kalian, M., et al (1991) Psychiatric hospitalization of tourists in Jerusalem. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 32, 238-244.[CrossRef][Medline]
- Bar-El, Y., Durst, R., Katz, G., et al
(2000) Jerusalem syndrome. British Journal of
Psychiatry, 176,
86-90.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Parshall, A. M. (1995) Controversy over
psychiatric tourism. British Medical Journal,
311, 1567.
[Free Full Text] - Tannock, C. & Turner, T. (1995) Psychiatric
tourism is overloading London beds. British Medical
Journal, 311,
806.
[Free Full Text] - Turner, V. (1973) The center out there: the pilgrims' goal. History of Religion, 12, 191-210.
- Witztum, E. & Kalian, M. (1999) The Jerusalem syndrome' - fantasy and reality. A survey of accounts from the 19th century to the end of the second millennium. Israel Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 260-271.
- Witztum, E. & Kalian, M. (2000) The quest for redemption: reality and fantasy in the mission to Jerusalem. In Israel as Centrestage: A Setting for Social and Religious Enactments (eds P. A. Hare & G. M. Kressel). Westport: Greenwood.
- Witztum, E., Lerner, V. & Kalian, M. (2000) Creativity and insanity: the enigmatic medical biography of Nikolai Gogol. Journal of Medical Biography, in press.
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