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Correspondence |
Cornwall Community Drugs Team, Trengweath Cottage, Penryn Street, Redruth, Cornwall TRI5 2SP
In response to Marsden et al (2000) we were interested to note the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in their group of clients seeking treatment for drug dependence, particularly the fact that female drug users reported higher levels across all scales, as this mirrors our experience in treating intravenous drug misusers. We would suggest that such symptoms may be sequelae of child abuse.
There is an established link between childhood trauma and psychiatric symptoms in adulthood (e.g. Briere & Runtz, 1993), and recent evidence to suggest a link between such early life experiences and substance misuse. Contemporary psychoanalytic theories of addiction also emphasise the relationship between experience of early life trauma and later substance misuse (e.g. Wurmser, 1984), proposing that drug use is an attempt at self-medication (Khantzian, 1997), or a chemical means of inducing a dissociative state, so often apparent in victims of child abuse. McDougall (1989) suggests that substance misuse offers an external means of discharging painful internal states, through immediate action.
Our work in Cornwall indicates that of 111 randomly selected patients seen by the drug team, 46% of males and 73% of females reported childhood abuse to a degree that would have placed them on the at-risk register. Child sexual abuse was reported by 1.85% of males and 43% of females. This work provides evidence that there is a high incidence of early life trauma and abuse in the drugmisusing population. The figures account for the larger proportion of women presenting with drug dependence problems reporting abuse issues, which fits with Marsden et al's report of a higher incidence of psychiatric symptomatology among their female clients.
We feel this is a very important area that needs to be evaluated further, as we find that the degree of trauma suffered by the patient can predict therapeutic needs and types of intervention required, including substitute prescribing, residential treatment and/or in-depth psychotherapeutic treatment. This is an aspect in the future that may enable drug services to tailor treatment packages to meet the individual's needs and to target appropriate interventions.
REFERENCES
Briere, J. & Runtz, M. (1993) Childhood
sexual abuse : long term sequelae and implications for psychological
assessment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,
8, 312-330.
Khantzian, E. J. (1997) The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders : a reconstruction and recent applications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 4, 231-244.[Medline]
McDougall, J. (1989) Theatres of the Body : A Psychoanalytical Approach to Psychosomatic Illness. London : Free Association Books.
Marsden, J., Gossop, M., Stewart, D., et al
(2000) Psychiatric symptoms among clients seeking treatment
for drug dependence. Intake data from the National Treatment Outcome Research
Study. British Journal of Psychiatry,
176,
285-289.
Wurmser, L. (1984) The role of superego conflicts in substance abuse and their treatment. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 10, 227-258.[Medline]
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