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Yoshida et al (1999) demonstrate the need for further longitudinal observational studies of the mother-infant relationship when mothers have schizophrenia that began during pregnancy. It is important to disentangle the impact on the infant of the mother-infant relationship and the environment she provides for her child from those genetic factors which place the infant at risk.
Neurobiological features are suggested by reports that: variations in maternal care in the rat promote hippocampal synaptogenesis and spatial learning and memory through systems known to mediate experience-dependent neural development (Liu et al, 2000); schizophrenia is a disorder of developmentally reduced synaptic connectivity (McGlashan & Hoffman, 2000); and selective deficits in early-stage sensory processing in schizophrenia are due to a failure to support the entrainment of intrinsic gamma-frequency oscillations (30-50 Hz or broader, centred on 40 Hz) (Friedman & Coats, 2000) involved in processes associated with encoding into sensory memory both at the cellular level (synaptic potentiation) and at the cognitive level (Haenschel et al, 2000).
This hypothesis is supported by short-term laboratory experience demonstrating that adult female speech production is sufficient to influence infant speech production occurring in the silent intervals between the adult vocalisations of the order of 3 seconds. This is linked with increased coherence of electroencephalograph gamma-band activity associated with the execution of more complex tasks (Friedman & Coats, 2000); language discrimination by human newborns may be influenced by hearing rhythmic aspects of speech while in the womb, a period in development during which exposure may have a more profound impact on the organisation of the brain than does learning after birth (Ramus et al, 2000).
These findings prompt the possibility of prevention of neurocognitive defects (at least those of a sensory and perceptual nature) by establishing effective cortical oscillations, starting during pregnancy as suggested by Yoshida et al.
REFERENCES
Friedman, E. H. & Coats, A. J. S. (2000) Neurobiology of exaggerated heart rate oscillations during two meditative techniques (letter). International Journal of Cardiology, 73, 199.[CrossRef][Medline]
Haenschel, C., Baldeweg, T., Croft, R. J., et al
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Liu, D., Diorio, J., Francis, D. D., et al (2000) Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 799-806.[CrossRef][Medline]
McGlashan, T. H. & Hoffman, R. E. (2000)
Schizophrenia as a disorder of developmentally reduced synaptic connectivity.
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Ramus, F., Hauser, M. D., Miller, C., et al
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cotton-top tamarin monkeys. Science,
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Yoshida, K., Marks, M. N., Craggs, M., et al
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mothers with schizophrenia. British Journal of
Psychiatry, 175,
380-387.
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