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Correspondence |
South Downs Health NHS Trust, Brighton General Hospital, Elm Grove, Brighton BN2 3EW, UK.
Correspondence: E-mail: johnscottprice{at}hotmail.com
Selton & Cantor-Graae (2005) relate schizophrenia to social defeat. Given Darwin’s theory of intrasexual selection, social defeat is inevitable for a proportion of any population, and it is not unlikely that we are seeing this unselected or deselected portion in the psychiatric clinic. The response to social defeat is variable. In chimpanzees there is conditional reconciliation, in which the defeated animal engages in affiliative behaviour with the one who has defeated him (Aureli et al, 2002). The hugging and kissing ritual relieves post-conflict anxiety (indicated by scratching and other self-directed acts), so that in the chimpanzee world the sun goes down on no one’s wrath. In partially migratory species of birds, such as the robin, the defeated birds who have no territories migrate, and if they return in the spring they may find that the winners have succumbed to the cold. In partially hibernating species the defeated animals hibernate. In general, in territorial species defeated animals disperse, whereas in group-living species they stay in the group in a subordinate role.
I think that defeated humans have the alternative defeat strategies of either dispersing or staying in the group. The ‘schizotype’ appears to be a dispersal phenotype, modified from the usual mammalian dispersal phenotype because of the uniquely cohesive structure of human groups, which are held together by common belief systems. When a person with this phenotype is defeated, they develop a new belief system, recruit followers and take them off to a new location (Stevens & Price, 2000). This appetitive behaviour may well require stimulation of the dopamine reward system, as was found in defeated mice, which being territorial disperse when defeated. However, when defeated the depression-prone human stays in the group in a subordinate role. He may be happily reconciled to this subordination or he may use the depressive strategy of ‘deceiving downwards’ in which he develops the cognition that he is not such a useful member of the group as he thought he was (Hartung, 1987). This depressive strategy may involve some downregulation in the hippocampus, as occurs in defeated rats, which are group-living animals (McEwen, 2005).
In general, we think people with the schizotypal phenotype become depressed when dispersal is blocked whereas those who are prone to depression become depressed when reconciliation is blocked. People with the schizotypal phenotype and depression also have their new belief system, which in the absence of followers is likely to be labelled delusion, and the unworldly prophet is then looked after not by adoring acolytes but by psychiatric nurses.
REFERENCES
Aureli, F., Cords, M. & Van Schaik, C. P. (2002) Conflict resolution following aggression in gregarious animals: a predictive framework. Animal Behaviour, 64, 325 –343.
Hartung, J. (1987) Deceiving down: conjectures on the management of subordinate status. In Self-Deceit: An Adaptive Strategy (eds J. Lockard & D. Pulhus), pp. 170 –185. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
McEwen, B. S. (2005) Glucocorticoids, depression, and mood disorders: structural remodelling in the brain. Metabolism, 54, (suppl. 1), 20–23.[CrossRef][Medline]
Selten, J. P. & Cantor-Graae, E. (2005)
Social defeat: risk factor for schizophrenia? British Journal of
Psychiatry, 187, 101
–102.
Stevens, A. & Price, J. (2002) Prophets, Cults and Madness. London: Duckworth.
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