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Department of Mental Health, AUS di Bologna, Bologna and Regional Health Care Agency, Emilia-Romagna Region, Bologna
Mario Negri Institute, Milan
Department of Mental Health, ASL Triestina, Trieste
Agenzia di Sanità Pubblica Regione Lazio, Rome
Faculty of Statistics, University of Bologna, Bologna
National Institute of Health, Rome
Department of Mental Health, ASL Triestina, Trieste
National Institute of Health, Rome
Department of Mental Health, ASL di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
Psychiatric Clinic, United Hospitals of Ancona and Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona
Department of Mental Health, ASL Triestina, Trieste, Italy
the PROGRES—Acute group
Correspondence: Dr Giovanni de Girolamo, Department of Mental Health, AUSL di Bologna, Viale Pepoli 5, 40123 Bologna, Italy. Tel.: +39 051 658 4204; fax: +39 051 658 4244; email: giovanni.degirolamo{at}ausl.bologna.it
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCES |
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Aims To survey the main characteristics of Italian public and private in-patient facilities for acute psychiatric disorders.
Method Structured interviews were conducted with each facility’s head psychiatrist in all Italian regions, with the exception of Sicily.
Results Overall, Italy (except Sicily) has a total of 4108 public in-patient beds in 319 facilities, with 0.78 beds for every 10 000 inhabitants, and 4862 beds in 54 private in-patient facilities, with 0.94 beds per 10 000 inhabitants. In 2001 the rates of psychiatric admissions and admitted patients per 10 000 inhabitants were 26.7 and 17.8 respectively. In the same year the percentage of involuntary admissions was 12.9%, for a total of 114 570 hospital days. Many in-patient facilities showed significant limitations in terms of architectural and logistic characteristics. Staffing showed a great variability among facilities.
Conclusions The overall number of acute beds per 10 000 inhabitants is one of the lowest in Europe. The survey has provided evidence of two parallel systems of in-patient care, a public one and a private one, which are not fully interchangeable.
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCES |
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METHOD |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCES |
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Data collection
Information about the number and location of facilities was obtained from
the regional health authorities and departments of mental health. The project
began in 2001 and data were collected in 2002–2003. Each
facility’s head psychiatrist (previously informed by letter about the
study) was administered a structured interview, previously validated and
adapted from the ‘facility form’ used for a national survey of
non-hospital residential facilities in Italy
(de Girolamo et al,
2002; Picardi et al,
2006).
All activity data reported here refer to the year 2001 and were obtained through local computerised case registers or calculated manually for the 145 facilities (40.8%) with no electronic information system available. After data collection, thorough quality control was performed, first locally in each region, and then centrally. The admission episodes considered included both episodes of care when patients were directly admitted to a psychiatric unit, and episodes of care for patients initially admitted to another specialty ward (e.g. transfer from a medical ward after a self-harm episode). For the calculation of staffing levels, we included all staff directly involved in patient care, including psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, nursing aids and social workers.
To assess the variability of several indicators throughout the country, we grouped the regions into four major areas, following the European Union recommendations (European Union, 2003): north-west, north-east, central and southern (including Sardinia).
Statistical analysis
In-patient facility characteristics and activity data were summarised using
descriptive statistics. All analyses were conducted using the Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences version 12.01 for Windows.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCES |
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We also surveyed eight medical wards (limited to some areas in Tuscany) with a total of 20 beds available for psychiatric in-patients, and six additional in-patient facilities with 98 beds, which, however, did not admit involuntary patients. These latter facilities were located outside general hospitals and admitted mainly medium-term patients. As these units presented a different profile from the main three groups, we excluded them from subsequent analyses (together with the four refusals). There were 54 private in-patient facilities, with 4862 beds and 0.94 beds per 10 000 inhabitants; these units were located in ten regions, and all took part in the study. These facilities have only psychiatric beds, and cannot admit compulsory patients.
The overall number of acute, short-term psychiatric beds (public and private) in Italy (except Sicily) is therefore 8970, i.e. 1.72 per 10 000 inhabitants. Three regions (Lazio, Campania and Calabria), located in central and southern Italy, which have the fewest public acute beds, also showed the highest concentration of private beds. Table 1 summarises the main organisational characteristics of Italian in-patient facilities.
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All but two of the general hospital psychiatric units were opened in the decade after the 1978 reform law was approved and nearly 60% of the 24 h community mental health centres opened in the past 6 years; in contrast, all private facilities but one were already operational in 1978.
Physical characteristics
Table 2 shows the main
physical and logistic characteristics and the staffing of Italian acute
in-patient facilities. Most public facilities (n=230, 81.3%) were
located in buildings built before 1980, and only 37 (13.1%) facilities had
been built since 1991. As for private facilities, all but one had been built
before 1972. All general hospital units and university clinics were
functionally integrated with a general hospital. Half of the general hospital
units were located on the ground floor, but seven (3%) were situated in
basements, and the remainder on upper floors. Approximately two-thirds of
general hospital units and university clinics had an outdoor area available
for in-patients, whereas this was available for all private facilities.
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A considerable proportion of general hospital units (42%, n=111) and two-thirds of university clinics had no single rooms available, and only 8 of the general hospital units (3%) had at least five single rooms; also 8 (15%) private facilities had no single rooms. At least one three-bedded room was present in 126 general hospital units (48.1%), in 12 (52.2%) university clinics and in 39 (82.2%) private facilities. Availability of patient bathrooms varied: general hospital units had a mean of 0.4 (s.d.=0.2) bathrooms for each bed, and university clinics a mean of 0.3 (s.d.=0.2); the mean was slightly higher for the 24 h community mental health centres (0.6, s.d.=0.3). Private facilities had a value similar to the general hospital units (0.4, s.d.=0.1).
Most facilities (95% of general hospital units, 91% of university clinics and 83% of the community centres) had on average three or four rooms available for clinical activities and meetings with patients’ families; some had just one or two rooms. In private facilities, rooms for clinical evaluations were available everywhere, and 40% of them had more than four rooms.
Staffing
All public and private facilities had 24 h coverage with staff on duty at
night. The 301 public facilities employed 8058 full-time equivalent
professionals (excluding medical residents and volunteers), 86.5%
(n=6971) of whom worked full-time. The number of staff in private
facilities was substantially smaller (n=2384, of whom 1918 were
working full-time); this is reflected in a much smaller equivalent full-time
staff per bed in private facilities compared with any type of public facility
(Table 2). There was marked
variation in the total number of equivalent staff among the three public
facility types, with general hospital units having 1.5 times more staff
available than the university clinics, and 24 h community mental health
centres having more than double the staff per bed than the general hospital
units (this is probably accounted for by the fact that in the community
centres the staff are also employed for out-patient care). This variation
involved all staff types.
Most public facilities (n=239, 79.0%) had a full-time medical staff; in the remainder staff additionally worked part-time in other mental health services such as outpatient and residential facilities. All private facilities but two had only full-time medical and nursing staff.
Clinical supervision of various intensity and quality was available in 107 general hospital units (41.6%) and 29 private facilities (53.7%).
Exclusion criteria for admission and length of stay
Most facilities used exclusion criteria for admission
(Table 3). Criteria varied
considerably per facility type and within each facility type. In almost all
private facilities admission criteria excluded the most difficult
patients.
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More than 90% of general hospital units (n=239) and university clinics (n=21) did not specify a maximum length of stay. When they did, it was set at 15 days. A maximum length of stay was spelled out by 23 (42.6%) private facilities; this ranged from 15 to 90 days, with the most common length being 60 days. The highest average length of stay was found in private facilities, followed by the community centres, the university clinics and the general hospital units. Even median values showed a substantial difference across facilities.
Figure 1 shows the average length of stay and the bed rate per 10 000 inhabitants of public facilities in the four geographical areas. There was a substantial variation in the length of stay across different areas, with the mean length of stay in the northeast region being almost twice that in the central and southern regions; even the number of public beds shows a substantial difference between the southern region compared with the north-east and central regions.
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Activity data
Table 4 shows activity data
for the facilities, during the year 2001. Overall, psychiatric admission and
admitted patient rates per 10 000 inhabitants in public facilities were 19.8
and 13.4 respectively, whereas in private facilities the rates were 6.9 and
4.4 respectively. There was a mean of 363.0 (s.d.=154.7) yearly admissions for
each general hospital unit, with a similar figure for university clinics
(342.7, s.d.=197.5) and a lower one for the community facilities (111.9,
s.d.=49.7). Private facilities had a higher mean number of admissions (676.3,
s.d.=409.5).
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In total there were 103 260 acute admissions in the facilities for which admission data were available (n=292), with 1 227 676 hospital days. In private facilities admissions totalled 35 880 (n=53), with 1 252 049 bed-days (n=47). In the 284 public facilities providing data on individual patients, there were 70 062 admitted patients in total; in private facilities admitted patients numbered 23 097. The admission/patient ratio ranged from 1.34 in university psychiatric clinics to 1.45 in general hospital units and 1.66 in the community mental health centres, in private facilities the ratio was 1.55.
In public facilities there were 22 893 (32.7%) patients having their first-ever admission to a given facility (but possibly previously admitted to other public or private facilities); 22.3% of admitted patients were at their second admission during the year, and 8.7% had had three or more admissions to the same facility (representing ‘revolving-door’ patients). In private facilities the percentage of patients having their first-ever admission was even higher (40.9%; n=9446); the numbers of patients with two and three or more admissions were 3414 (14.8%) and 1911 (8.3%) respectively.
A mean percentage of 15.6% (s.d.=12.5) of admitted patients in the 259 general hospital units that provided this information came from outside the catchment area; a similar percentage held for university clinics (n=12; 18.5%, s.d.=19.1), but this figure was lower for the 24 h community centres (n=16; 3.9%, s.d.=6.7). In the few private facilities with a defined catchment area (n=7) the percentage of patients coming from outside this area was low (10.2%, s.d.=23.3).
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCES |
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Availability of acute in-patient beds
In Italy the number of psychiatric public acute beds shows marked variation
between regions; overall, public beds represent 45.8% of all acute in-patient
beds. Moreover, almost all private facilities have no defined catchment area,
and admit patients from different parts of the country; correlations between
public and private facilities on a regional scale should therefore be
considered with caution. All private in-patient facilities were built long
before the reform law. Although in the north of the country the proportions of
public and private beds are similar, in the central and southern regions the
percentage of private beds is higher, and in the south the ratio of private to
public beds is approximately 2:1. This indicates a very uneven distribution of
public and private beds across the country.
It should be highlighted that private inpatient facilities are very different from the former mental hospitals, in terms of size (the 99 public mental hospitals active in 1978 each had 642 beds on average), physical characteristics (mental hospitals were generally old-fashioned and physically inadequate, with large numbers of patients per room, and low standards of diet, clothing and medical care) and case typology (most mental hospital patients were long-stay with admissions often lasting years, many were compulsory). It is therefore impossible to equate current private in-patient facilities with the former mental hospitals.
However, public and private facilities tend to admit a different case mix, as demonstrated by the presence of involuntary patients only in public facilities and by the exclusion criteria operated by private facilities which tend to rule out patients with challenging behaviour (e.g. violent or suicidal behaviour or comorbid substance misuse). A national census day of all inpatients (n=7984) in acute, public and private facilities, conducted on 8 May 2003, found large differences between public and private facilities for the age and gender distribution of in-patients: more men under 35 years old had been admitted to public facilities, whereas women aged 65 years or over had more frequently been admitted to private facilities (further information available on request).
International comparison of the number of psychiatric beds is difficult (Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General, 2004; World Health Organization, 2005), because the very definition of ‘psychiatric bed’ is often unclear. World Health Organization (WHO) Mental Health Atlas data (World Health Organization, 2005) reveal that in western Europe the number of acute public in-patient beds shows substantial variation between 9.0 (Finland) and 0.3 (Greece) per 10 000 inhabitants. However, it is often difficult from WHO data to draw a clear-cut distinction between acute and long-term beds. Moreover, private and forensic beds are not included in the WHO statistics, although private beds can account for a substantial proportion of the total number of psychiatric beds, as in Italy. Although there are also six forensic mental hospitals in Italy, in 2002 the number of forensic beds was very low (0.22/10 000) compared with Sweden (1.43/10 000), The Netherlands (1.14/10 000), and Germany (0.78/10 000), and only slightly higher than in England (0.18/10 000) and Spain (0.15/10 000) (Priebe et al, 2005). Therefore, the overall rate of acute beds in Italy (1.72/10 000) is one of the lowest in western Europe.
Logistic and environmental characteristics of in-patient facilities
Many facilities suffer from major logistic and architectural limitations:
3% of general hospital psychiatric units are located in basements; 42% of them
have no single bedrooms; and many facilities have a considerable proportion of
rooms with three or four beds (hospital rooms with more than four beds are
forbidden in Italy). More than a third of general hospital units have no
outdoor area for in-patients, nearly 40% have no living room other than a
dining room, and some general hospital units and university clinics have no
room specifically designated for clinical activities. Private facilities show
a mixed picture, including both negative and positive aspects.
The unsatisfactory physical features of many general hospital psychiatric units raise serious problems. Indeed, the paramount influence of the physical in-patient setting environment on clinical and interpersonal variables – including patient and staff satisfaction – has long been recognised (Gutkowski et al, 1992; Horsburgh, 1995; Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1998; Tyson et al, 2002).
Length of stay
Private facilities presented a high average length of stay. This finding,
together with other features of private facilities such as the case mix and
the staffing levels, raises some doubts about their definition as acute care
services. The longer stay of patients in university clinics compared with
general hospital units may be due in part to a different case mix (e.g.
complex cases referred for additional evaluation and treatment). The longer
stay in 24 h community mental health centres is due to a difference between
these services and general hospital units or university clinics – the
community centres are more frequently used as flexible tools in response to a
variety of critical patient needs (crisis resolution, housing needs,
employment problems, family conflicts, etc.) rather than just to treat acute
episodes of illness (Dell’Acqua &
Mezzina, 1988; Norcio et
al, 2001).
Studies of local services in Italy have consistently shown a shorter duration of in-patient stay in public facilities compared with other European countries (McCrone & Lorusso, 1999; Sytema et al, 2002). The median length of stay in general hospital units found in our study (11.4 days) was notably lower than that found in England in 2003 (18 days; Glover, 2007).
Open v. locked doors
Most general hospital units (nearly 80%) and two-thirds of university
clinics had locked doors. In contrast, almost none of the community centres
had a locked-door policy. Although most private facilities did not have doors
always locked, they did not admit involuntary patients. In England, a 1-day
survey of 118 acute psychiatric units, conducted during unannounced visit,
found that only 9% of the units were locked
(Ford et al, 1998).
Bowers et al (2002),
in a survey of 87 acute units in the London area, found only 25% of units to
be constantly locked and 45% locked only occasionally. In another survey
involving 24 in-patient services in five European countries (Austria, Hungary,
Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia), located in both mental and general hospitals,
only 21.4% of 4191 in-patients evaluated on census day were found to be
accommodated in locked units
(Rittmannsberger et al,
2004). In brief, locked units admitting acute patients seem to be
more common in Italy than in other European countries; since there are fewer
beds, these units tend to admit a selected in-patient population with
challenging behaviours, which can partly account for this finding.
Staffing
In public facilities the staff/patient ratio ranged from 1.44 to 5.17
showing that facilities for acute patients rely greatly on human resources; in
contrast, ratios for private facilities were markedly smaller. The number of
staff working in Italian public facilities is higher than that found in other
countries, although some of the differences may be explained by the type of
professionals included in the count. In the UK, the ratio of staff to resident
beds in acute in-patient facilities was 1.27
(Lelliott et al,
1996), whereas studies conducted in the USA found staff/resident
ratios ranging from 0.32 to 2.08 (Coleman
& Paul, 2001), or higher than 3.3
(Donat, 2003); this variability
suggests that there are no strict quantitative standards for staff.
The low staffing level in private facilities (0.45 staff/patient ratio) can be partly explained by a daily variation in the number of staff on site, with fewer staff present during the night shifts, because the larger size of private facilities makes possible specific organisational arrangements (e.g. one nurse present in a ward can be available in case of emergency in another ward).
Furthermore, varying case mix and facility type function may also account for observed variability in staff: nearly all general hospital psychiatric units accept compulsory admissions and provide psychiatric consultations to other hospital wards, whereas private facilities admit many patients not requiring intensive, acute care but rather needing long-term assistance and support; data from the second phase of our study, with some 3000 patients admitted to public and private facilities individually evaluated, will shed light on this issue. Official staffing requirements in Italy are currently established by regions and this issue will be given further attention.
Finally, specific professional roles (clinical psychologists, occupational therapists, etc.) are rather uncommon, suggesting the need to strengthen effective multidisciplinary teams.
Activity data
We found 19.8 admissions in public facilities per 10 000 inhabitants; if we
include private admissions, we have a total rate of 26.7 psychiatric
admissions per year per 10 000 inhabitants. The public admission rate is
substantially lower than that found in England for the age group 16–64
years in 1999–2000 (32/10 000 inhabitants;
Thompson et al,
2004). The difference, however, is less than expected, given the
remarkable difference in bed rates. This can be explained by longer average
stay and possibly lower bed occupancy in the English services. The occupation
index in Italian public facilities was around 90%.
Admission rates show marked variation across different areas – a finding already reported in Italy even in a comparison of neighbouring areas (de Girolamo et al, 1988) – related to variability in exclusion criteria and to the range and quality of community services. Current variability in Italian admission rates might be reduced by the use of more consistent admission criteria and more fair availability of beds across different areas.
Involuntary admissions
Compulsory admissions represent 13% of all admissions per year in Italy,
but the rate per 10 000 inhabitants is only 2.5. According to a recent review,
the percentage of compulsory admissions in relation to all admissions ranges
from a low of 3.2% in Portugal to a high of 30% in Sweden, with a median value
of 13.2% (Salize & Dressing,
2005). Yet, in the same European survey the rate per 10 000
inhabitants ranged from a low of 0.6 to a high of 21.8 with a median value of
7.4, which is three times the Italian rate.
In the survey of 24 different European sites by Rittmannsberger et al (2004), 11.4% of in-patients had been admitted under compulsion. Latest UK data show a rate of about 5.5 compulsory admissions per 10 000 inhabitants for England (Department of Health, 2001). Analyses of temporal trends show substantial stability in the percentages of compulsory admissions in the past two decades (Guaiana & Barbui, 2004).
Implications of the study
There is no evidence that a balanced system of mental healthcare can be
provided without acute beds (Thornicroft
& Tansella, 2004). Despite the importance, of acute in-patient
care, its quantitative and qualitative features remain largely unexplored and
many problems still await appropriate solutions
(Quirk & Lelliott, 2001;
Lelliott & Quirk, 2004)
– and this holds true in Italy as elsewhere. Our findings highlight the
need for a thorough revision of the role and the function of Italian acute
care services within the framework of a comprehensive and evidence-based
mental health policy.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCES |
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The PROGRES–Acute group includes the following national and regional coordinators and consultants: F. Amaddeo, A. Barbato, G. Borsetti, R. Bracco, R. Canosa, M. Casacchia, I. Casula, P. Ciliberti, A. Colotto, A. D’Aloise, G. de Girolamo, G. Dell’Acqua, M. De Palma, W. Di Munzio, A. Gaddini, G. Grassi, N. Longhin, M. Miceli, R. Miglio, P. Morosini, M. Nicotera, M. Percudani, B. Norcio, A. Picardi, R. Potzolu, E. Rossi, P. Rucci, G. Santone, S. Schiaffino, F. Scotti, R. Tomasi and E. Zanalda. Researchers include: G. Agostani, F. Basile, F. Basilico, N. Battino, L. Bavero, G. Bazzacco, L. Biscaglia, R. Borio, S. Buttacavoli, B. Caporali, F. Cappelletti, L. Caserta, L. Cifarelli, P. Congia, M. Dazzi, L. Elia, A. Galli, R. Gangi, P. Ghirardo, L. Giordano, S. Goldoni, A. Guidoni, G. Morelli, M. Nassisi, A. Pettolino, L. Pinciaroli, G. Pitzalis, C. Sighinolfi, G. Spinetti, A. Trequattrini, U. Unterfrauner, K. Wolf and L. Zecca.
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONACKNOWLEDGMENTSREFERENCES |
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Received for publication December 12, 2005. Revision received December 19, 2006. Accepted for publication January 16, 2007.
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