Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T19:18:18.678Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Response to Drugs and Psychiatry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2018

Edward Marley
Edward Marley*
Affiliation:
The Maudsley Hospital, S.E.5
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Fashion is more deep-rooted than contemporary custom will allow, and the current enthusiasm for drug treatment in psychiatry is no evanescent fad. The Greeks made good use of the pharmacopœia, prescribing borage, buglosse, marigold, polypodie and epithyme for melancholy, more specifically recommending wormwood, centaury and pennyroll for the hypochondriac malady. Burton (a) discussing black hellebor, relates that its virtues were extolled by Galen, Pliny and Coelius Aurelianus, the mentally afflicted being sent to the Anticyrae, or to Phocis in Achaia to be purged, the plant growing there in abundance. Burton (b) describes how the Melangoga, or melancholy purging medicines, were classified as simple or compound, purging upwards or downwards. Asarum, brassivola, laurel, scilla, white hellebor, and antimony purged upwards, whereas polypodie, epithyme, black hellebor, lapis lazuli and aloes purged downwards. Sceptics throve then, no doubt, as they do now. Meryon (1861) mentions Asclepiades—dismissed by Pliny as an impudent quack, who contended that drugs injured the stomach and induced complaints more dangerous than those which they were intended to cure.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Journal of Mental Science , Volume 105 , Issue 438 , January 1959 , pp. 19 - 43
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1959 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, H. A., Neuropharmacology, 1956. New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, p. 259.Google Scholar
Ackner, B., J. Ment. Sci., 1954, 100, 854.Google Scholar
Idem , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1958, 51, 76.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. W., and Rawnsley, K., Mschr. Psychiat. Neurol., 1954, 128, 38.Google Scholar
Anstie, F. E., Stimulants and Narcotics, 1864a. London: MacMillan, p. 188.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1864b, p. 199.Google Scholar
Ardis, J. A., and McKellar, P., J. Ment. Sci., 1956, 102, 22.Google Scholar
Armitage, P., J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B., 1950, 12, 137.Google Scholar
Idem , Quart. J. Med., 1954, 23, 255.Google Scholar
Idem , Biometrika., 1957, 44, 9.Google Scholar
Ayd, F. J., South. med. J., 1955, 48, 177.Google Scholar
Idem , Tranquilizing Drugs, 1957. Pub. 46. Ed. H. E. Himwich. Washington: American Association for Advancement of Science. p. 176.Google Scholar
Barbour, R. F., Pilkington, F., and Sargant, W., Brit. Med. J., 1936, ii, 957.Google Scholar
Barcroft, J., Features in the Architecture of Physiological Function, 1934. Cambridge: University Press.Google Scholar
Beddoes, T., and Watt, J., Considerations on the Medicinal Use of Factitious Airs, 1796. Bristol.Google Scholar
Beecher, H. K., J. Amer. med. Ass., 1955, 159, 1602.Google Scholar
Idem , Keats, A. S., Mosteller, F., and Lasagna, L., J. Pharmacol., 1953, 109, 393.Google Scholar
Begg, W. G. A., and Reid, A. A., Brit. Med. J., 1956, i, 946.Google Scholar
Bernard, C., An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, 1949. Schuman. p. 139.Google Scholar
Bethell, M. F., Brit. Med. J., 1957, i, 30.Google Scholar
Bleuler, M., Schweiz. med. Wschr., 1944, 74, 923.Google Scholar
Blough, D. S., in Psychotropic Drugs. 1957. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. p. 110.Google Scholar
Bockner, S., J. Ment. Sci., 1957, 103, 218.Google Scholar
Böszörményi, Z., and Brunecker, G., Psychotropic Drugs, 1957. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. p. 580.Google Scholar
Bovet, D., and Staub, A. M., C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 1937, 124, 547 Google Scholar
Bradley, P. B., 5-Hydroxytryptamine, 1958. London: Pergamon Press. p. 214.Google Scholar
Brady, J. V., Brain Mechanisms and Drug Action, 1957. Ed. Fields, W. S. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas. p. 111.Google Scholar
Idem and Hunt, H. F., J. Psychol., 1955, 40, 313.Google Scholar
Brengelmann, J. C., J. Ment. Sci., 1958, 104, 153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bross, I., Biometrics., 1952, 8, 188.Google Scholar
Burn, J. H., Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1954, 47, 445.Google Scholar
Idem and Rand, M. J., Lancet, 1957, ii, 1097.Google Scholar
Iidem , Brit. med. J., 1958, i, 903.Google Scholar
Burton, R., The Anatomy of Melancholy, Volume 2. London: Walker et al. (1813 edition), p. 111.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 106.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 107.Google Scholar
Cameron, W. M., and Kasanin, J., New Engl. J. Med., 1941, 224, 544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrell, A., Man, The Unknown, 1948. London: Penguin Books, p. 167.Google Scholar
Cerletti, A., Neuropharmacology, 1956. Ed. Abramson, H. A. New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, p. 13.Google Scholar
Idem and Rothlin, E., Nature, 1955, 176, 785.Google Scholar
Chance, M. R. A., J. Pharmacol., 1946, 87, 214.Google Scholar
Idem , Nature, 1956, 177, 228.Google Scholar
Idem , Lancet, 1957, ii, 687.Google Scholar
Chen, K. K., Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs, 1954. Baltimore: William and Wilkins, p. 48.Google Scholar
Chessick, R. D., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1956, 123, 14.Google Scholar
Cholden, L., Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Mescaline in Experimental Psychiatry, 1956. New York: Grune and Stratton, p. ix.Google Scholar
Clark, A. J., The Mode of Action of Drugs on Cells, 1933a. London: Arnold, p. 104.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1933b, p. 106.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1933c, p. 119.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1933d, p. 4.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1933e, p. 7.Google Scholar
Cleghorn, R. A., Amer. J. Psychiat., 1952, 108, 568.Google Scholar
Connell, P. H., “Amphetamine Psychoses”, 1957a. London University M.D. Thesis, p. 64.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1957b, p. 91.Google Scholar
Cope, C. L., Brit. med. J., 1953, ii, 271.Google Scholar
Costa, E., Psychiat. Res. Rep., 1956, 4, 11.Google Scholar
Idem , Rinaldi, F., and Himwich, H. E., in Psychotropic Drugs, 1957. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, p. 21.Google Scholar
Culpeper, N., The Complete Herbal, Birmingham: Kynoch Press, 1953a. p. 502.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1953b, p. 562.Google Scholar
Curran, F. J., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1938, 88, 163.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1944, 100, 142.Google Scholar
Darrow, W., Psychol. Bull., 1929, 26, 527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, D. L., and Shepherd, M., Lancet, 1955, ii, 117.Google Scholar
Denber, H. C. B., in Psychotropic Drugs, 1957. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, p. 26.Google Scholar
Idem and Merlis, S., Psychiat. Quart., 1955, 29, 421.Google Scholar
Dickel, H. A., and Dixon, H. H., J. Amer. med. Ass., 1957, 163, 422.Google Scholar
Dicker, S. E., and Steinberg, H., Brit. J. Pharmacol., 1957, 12, 479.Google Scholar
Iidem and Watson, R. H. J., J. Physiol., 1957, 137, 88.Google Scholar
Dworkin, S., Bourne, W., and Raginsky, B. B., Canad. med. Ass. J., 1937, 37, 136.Google Scholar
Ellis, E. S., Ancient Anodynes, 1946. London: Heinemann, p. 78.Google Scholar
Ellis, H., Lancet, 1897, i, 1540.Google Scholar
Elkes, J., Brit. med. J., 1956, i, 512.Google Scholar
Idem and Elkes, C., ibid., 1954, ii, 560.Google Scholar
Estes, W. K., and Skinner, B. F., J. exp. Psychol., 1941, 29, 390.Google Scholar
Evans, R. R., and Rackemann, F. M., Arch. intern. Med., 1952, 90, 111.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J., Structure of Human Personality, 1953. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Idem , J. Ment. Sci., 1955, 101, 28.Google Scholar
Idem , Eugen. Rev., 1956, 48, 23.Google Scholar
Idem , Rivista di Psicologica., 1957a, 4, 113.Google Scholar
Idem , The Dynamics of Anxiety and Hysteria, 1957b. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, p. 248.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1957c, p. 223.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J., ibid., 1957d, p. 239.Google Scholar
Idem , Casey, S., and Trouton, D. S., J. Ment. Sci., 1957, 103, 645.Google Scholar
Idem , Holland, H., and Trouton, D. S., ibid., 1957, 103, 650.Google Scholar
Feldberg, W., and Sherwood, S. L., J. Physiol., 1954, 125, 488.Google Scholar
Iidem , Brit. J. Pharmacol., 1955, 10, 371.Google Scholar
Felsinger, von J. M., Lasagna, L., and Beecher, H. K., J. Amer. med. Ass., 1955, 157, 1113.Google Scholar
Fenichel, O., The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis, 1946. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, p. 558.Google Scholar
Ferguson, R. S., J. Ment. Sci., 1956, 102, 30.Google Scholar
Ferster, C. B., Psychol. Bull., 1953, 50, 4.Google Scholar
Finney, D. J., Experimental Design and its Statistical Basis, 1955. London: Cambridge University Press, p. 1.Google Scholar
Fischer, R., J. Ment. Sci., 1957, 103, 392.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. H., Statistical Methods for Research Workers, 1950. 11th ed. London: Oliver and Boyd, p. 211.Google Scholar
Idem , The Design of Experiments, 1953. 6th ed. London: Oliver and Boyd, p. 55.Google Scholar
Folkson, A., J. Ment. Sci., 1957, 103, 860.Google Scholar
Folz, E. L., Dracos, F., and Gruber, C. M., Amer. J. med. Sci., 1955, 230, 528.Google Scholar
Foulkes, S. H., and Anthony, E. J., Group Psychotherapy, 1957. London: Penguin Books, p. 215.Google Scholar
Franks, C. M., J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1956, 52, 143.Google Scholar
Idem , Brit. J. Psychol., 1957, 48, 119.Google Scholar
Idem and Laverty, S. G., J. Ment. Sci., 1955, 101, 654.Google Scholar
Idem and Trouton, D. S., Personal communication, 1958.Google Scholar
Freiss, E. D., New Engl. J. Med., 1954, 251, 1006.Google Scholar
Fullerton, A. G., J. Ment. Sci., 1956, 102, 801.Google Scholar
Funderburk, W. H., and Case, T. J., J. Neurophysiol., 1947, 10, 179.Google Scholar
Gaddum, J. H., Reports on Biological Standards. III. Methods of Biological Assay Depending on a Quantal Response, 1933. M.R.C. Special Report Series No. 183. London: H.M.S.O., p. 7.Google Scholar
Idem , Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1954, 47, 195.Google Scholar
Idem and Hameed, K. A., Brit. J. Pharmacol., 1954, 9, 240.Google Scholar
Idem and Vogt, M., ibid., 1956, 11, 175.Google Scholar
Idem and Picarelli, Z. P., ibid., 1957, 12, 323.Google Scholar
Idem , Hameed, K. A., Hathway, D. E., and Stephens, F. F., Quart. J. exp. Physiol., 1955, 40, 49.Google Scholar
Galdston, M., Weisenfeld, S., Benjamin, B., and Rosenbluth, M. B., Amer. J. Med., 1951, 10, 166.Google Scholar
Galley, A. H., and Trotter, P. A., Lancet, 1958, i, 343.Google Scholar
Gantt, W. H. (quoting Dworkin), Experimental Basis for Neurotic Behaviour. New York: Hoeber, p. 159.Google Scholar
Idem and Freile, M. , Trans. Amer. Neurol. Ass., 1944, 70, 188.Google Scholar
Ginzel, K. H., and Mayer-Gross, W., Nature, 1956, 178, 210.Google Scholar
Glaser, E. M., Brit. J. Pharmacol., 1953, 8, 187.Google Scholar
Idem and Whittow, G. C., J. Physiol., 1953, 122, 43.Google Scholar
Iidem , Clin. Sci., 1954, 13, 199.Google Scholar
Glatt, Μ. M., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1955, 122, 390.Google Scholar
Goodman, L. S., and Gilman, A., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 1955. 2nd ed. New York: MacMillan, p. 138.Google Scholar
Grace, W. J., Amer. J. Med., 1954, 17, 723.Google Scholar
Gray, S., and Forrest, A. D., Brit. med. J., 1958, i, 374.Google Scholar
Gray, M. G., and Trowbridge, G. B., Psychol. Rev., 1942, 5, 127.Google Scholar
Guttman, E., and Sargant, W., Brit. med. J., 1937, i, 1013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gyermeck, L., Lancet, 1955, ii, 724.Google Scholar
Hadfield, J. A., Dreams and Nightmares, 1954. London: Penguin Books, p. 7.Google Scholar
Hanzlik, P. J., J. Amer. med. Ass., 1913, 60, 957.Google Scholar
Hargreaves, G. R., Hamilton, M., and Roberts, J. M., Brit. med. J., 1957, i, 306.Google Scholar
Harley, J., The Old Vegetable Neurotics, 1869. London: MacMillan, p. 56.Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O., Psychosom. Med., 1947, 9, 3.Google Scholar
Heller, G. C., Walton, D., and Black, D. A., J. Ment. Sci., 1957, 103, 581.Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R., Theories of Learning, 1948. New York.Google Scholar
Hill, A. Bradford, Brit. med. Bull., 1951, 7, 278.Google Scholar
Hill, D., Brit. J. Addict., 1947, 44, 50.Google Scholar
Hill, H. E., Belleville, R. E., and Wikler, A., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chicago), 1955, 73, 602.Google Scholar
Iidem , ibid., 1957, 77, 28.Google Scholar
Hoch, A., Rev. Neurol. Psychiat. Edinb., 1906, 4, 83.Google Scholar
Idem , Benign Stupors, 1921. New York: MacMillan, p. 243.Google Scholar
Hoch, P. H., Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Mescaline in Experimental Psychiatry, 1956. New York: Grune and Stratton, p. 72.Google Scholar
Hoffer, A., ibid., 1956, p. 44.Google Scholar
Idem , Tranquilizing Drugs, 1957. Pub. 46. Ed. H. E. Himwich. Washington: American Association for Advancement of Science, p. 73.Google Scholar
Hollister, L. E., Elkins, H., Hiler, E. G., and Pierre, R. S. E., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1957, 67, 789.Google Scholar
Hoskins, R. G., The Biology of Schizophrenia, 1946. 1st ed. New York: Norton, p. 158.Google Scholar
Hume, C. N., Lancet, 1957, ii, 1049.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, J., The Pedigree of Disease, 1884. London.Google Scholar
Idestrom, C. M., Acta Psychiat. et Neurol. Suppl., 1954, 91, 1.Google Scholar
Imboden, J., and Lasagna, L., Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 1956, 99, 9.Google Scholar
Jackson, Hughlings J., Selected Writings of John Hughlings Jackson, 1932. Vol. 2. London: Hodder and Stoughton, p. 116.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, E., and Skaarup, Y., Acta pharmacol. et toxicol., 1955a, 11, 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iidem , ibid., 1955b, 11, 125.Google Scholar
James, W., The Varieties of Religious Experience, 1910. 19th impression. London: Longmans, Green, p. 387.Google Scholar
Jellinek, E. M., Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism, 1942. Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 89.Google Scholar
Idem , Biometrics Bull., 1946, 2, 87.Google Scholar
de Jong, H. H., Experimental Catatonia, 1945a. Baltimore: William and Wilkins, p. 12.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1945b, p. 221.Google Scholar
Katz, D., Animals and Man, 1953. London: Penguin Books, p. 52.Google Scholar
Kennedy, A., Brit. med. J., 1957, ii, 220.Google Scholar
Kidd, C., On Æther and Chloroform as Anaesthetics, 1858. London: Renshaw, p. 22.Google Scholar
Kinross-Wright, V., Psychopharmacology, 1956. Pub. 42. Washington: American Association for Advancement of Science, p. 36.Google Scholar
Kirsner, J. B., and Palmer, W. L., Ann. intern. Med., 1954, 41, 232.Google Scholar
Kline, N. S., Psychopharmacology, 1956a. Pub. 42. Washington: American Association for Advancement of Science, p. 89.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1956b, p. 92.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1956c, p. 88.Google Scholar
Knauer, A., and Maloney, W. J., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1913, 40, 397.Google Scholar
Kogan, L. S., Psychol. Bull., 1953, 50, 1.Google Scholar
Kornetsky, C., and Humphries, O., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chicago), 1957, 77, 325.Google Scholar
Iidem and Evarts, E. V., ibid., 1957, 77, 318.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E., Philos. Studien., 1883, 1, 573.Google Scholar
Lancet, 1955, ii, 146.Google Scholar
Lasagna, L., J. Pharmacol., 1954, 111, 9.Google Scholar
Idem , Mosteller, F., Felsinger, von J. M., and Beecher, Η. K., Amer. J. Med., 1954, 16, 770.Google Scholar
Laurence, D. R., and Pond, D. A., Brit. med. J., 1958, i, 800.Google Scholar
Laverty, S. G., J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1958, 21, 50.Google Scholar
Leake, C. D., Tranquilizing Drugs, 1957. Pub. 46. Ed. H. E. Himwich. Washington: American Association for Advancement of Science, p. 2.Google Scholar
Lessin, A. W., and Parkes, M. W., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1957, 9, 657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, M., J. Ment. Sci., 1936, 82, 1.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1945, 91, 447.Google Scholar
Idem , Amer. J. Psychiat., 1951, 107, 689.Google Scholar
Idem , J. Ment. Sci., 1956, 102, 619.Google Scholar
Lewin, L., Phantast ica, Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs, 1931a. Trans. P. H. A. Wirth. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, p. 8.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1931b, p. 9.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. J., Lancet, 1958, i, 17.Google Scholar
Idem and Fleminger, J. J., ibid., 1954, i, 383.Google Scholar
Lieberman, D. M., and Vaughan, G. F., Practitioner, 1956, 177, 632.Google Scholar
Iidem , J. Ment. Sci., 1957, 103, 110.Google Scholar
Lindemann, E., Amer. J. Psychiat., 1934, 90, 1007.Google Scholar
Idem and Clarke, L. D., ibid., 1952, 108, 561.Google Scholar
Idem and Malamud, W., ibid., 1934, 90, 853.Google Scholar
Lorr, M., Psychol. Bull., 1954, 51, 126.Google Scholar
Ludlow, F., The Hasheesh Eater: Being Passages from the Life of a Pythagorean, 1857. New York: Harper and Brothers.Google Scholar
MacFarland, R. A., Res. Pub. Ass. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1939, 19, 112.Google Scholar
Macht, D. I., Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 1920, 31, 167.Google Scholar
Maier, N. R. F., Frustration, the Study of Behaviour with a Goal, 1949. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Marley, E., Lancet, 1955, ii, 535.Google Scholar
Idem and Chambers, J. S. W., Brit. med. J., 1956, ii, 1467.Google Scholar
Idem and Bartholomew, A. A. , J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1958, 21, 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquis, D. G., Kelly, E. L., Miller, J. G., Gerard, R. W., and Rapoport, A., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1957, 67, 701.Google Scholar
Marrazzi, A. S., Brain Mechanisms and Drug Action, 1957. Ed. Fields, W. S. Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, p. 45.Google Scholar
Masserman, J. H., Behaviour and Neurosis, 1943. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mayer-Gross, W., Brit. J. med. Psychol., 1935, 15, 103.Google Scholar
Idem , Brit. med. J., 1951, ii, 317.Google Scholar
Idem , McAdam, W., and Walker, J. W., J. Ment. Sci., 1953, 99, 804.Google Scholar
Idem , Slater, E., and Roth, M., Clinical Psychiatry, 1954a. London: Cassell and Company, p. 349.Google Scholar
Iidem , ibid., 1954b, p. 318.Google Scholar
McDougall, W., J. abnorm, soc. Psychol., 1929, 24, 293.Google Scholar
McDowell, E. C., and Vicari, E. M., J. exp. Zool., 1921, 33, 209.Google Scholar
McIlwain, H., Chemotherapy and the Central Nervous System, 1957. London: Churchill, p. 283.Google Scholar
Meryon, E., The History of Medicine, 1861. Vol. 1. Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts, p. 39.Google Scholar
Meyer, M., Psychol. Bull., 1922, 19, 173.Google Scholar
Meyers, F. H., and Abreu, B. E., J. Pharmacol., 1952, 104, 387.Google Scholar
Miller, N. E., in Psychotropic Drugs, 1957a. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company, p. 84.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1957b, p. 85.Google Scholar
Idem and Miles, W. R. , J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., 1936, 21, 179.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. H., J. Ment. Sci., 1956, 102, 151.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. Weir, Brit. med. J., 1896, ii, 1625.Google Scholar
Modell, W., The Relief of Symptoms, 1955a, Philadelphia: Saunders, p. 80.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1955b, p. 74.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1955c, p. 88.Google Scholar
Moore, J. N. P., and Martin, E. A., Brit. med. J., 1957, i, 8.Google Scholar
Moreau, J., Du hachisch et de l'aliénation mentale—études psychologiques, 1845. Paris: Masson.Google Scholar
Newman, H. D., Stanf. med. Bull., 1947, 5, 12.Google Scholar
Noyes, A. P., Modern Clinical Psychiatry, 1951a. Philadelphia: Saunders, p. 63.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1951b, p. 65.Google Scholar
O'Flanagan, P. M., and Taylor, R. B., J. Ment. Sci., 1950, 96, 1033.Google Scholar
Orton, R., Brit. med. J., 1957, ii, 220.Google Scholar
Osmond, H., Neuropharmacology, 1956. Ed. Abramson, H. A. New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, p. 183.Google Scholar
Idem and Smythies, J., J. Ment. Sci., 1952, 98, 309.Google Scholar
Pampiglione, G., Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1958, 51, 79.Google Scholar
Pare, C. M. B., and Sandler, M., Personal communication, 1958.Google Scholar
Paterson, A., Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1944, 37, 556.Google Scholar
Paton, W. D. M., Ulster med. J., 1957, 26, 17.Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P., Conditioned Reflexes, 1927. Trans. G. V. Anrep. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pearson, O. H., and Eliel, L. P., J. Amer. med. Ass., 1950, 144, 1349.Google Scholar
Peoples, S. A., and Guttman, E., Lancet, 1936, i, 1107.Google Scholar
Platt, R., and Sears, H. T. N., ibid., 1956, i, 401.Google Scholar
Poffenberger, G. T., Psychol. Bull., 1914, 11, 408.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1916, 13, 434.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1917, 14, 408.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1919, 16, 291.Google Scholar
Pratap, H. J., Brit. med. J., 1956, i, 1116.Google Scholar
Prentiss, D. W., and Morgan, F. P., Therap. Gaz., 1896, 12, 577. 3rd Series.Google Scholar
Putnam, T. J., and Merritt, H. H., Science, 1937, 85, 625.Google Scholar
Randell, J. B., Brit. med. J., 1957, ii, 508.Google Scholar
Rathod, N. H., Lancet, 1958, i, 611.Google Scholar
Raymond, M. J., and Lucas, C. J., Brit. med. J., 1956, i, 952.Google Scholar
Iidem , Beesley, M. L., O'Connell, B. A., and Roberts, J. A. F., ibid., 1957, ii, 63.Google Scholar
Rees, W. L., and Lambert, C., J. Ment. Sci., 1955, 101, 834.Google Scholar
Reid, D. D., Lancet, 1954, ii, 1293.Google Scholar
Robitzek, E. H., Selikoff, I. J., and Ornstein, G. G., Quart. Bull. Sea View Hosp., 1952, 8, 27.Google Scholar
Robson, J. M., and Keele, C. A., Recent Advances in Pharmacology, 1951. London: Churchill, p. 376.Google Scholar
Rothlin, E., and Cerletti, A., Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Mescaline in Experimental Psychiatry, 1956. Grune and Stratton, p. 3.Google Scholar
Russell, B., History of Western Philosophy, 1946. 1st ed. London: Allen and Unwin, p. 257.Google Scholar
Russell, R. W., Comparative Study of Behaviour, 1951. London: H. K. Lewis.Google Scholar
Idem , in Prospects in Psychiatric Research, 1953a. Ed. Tanner, J. M. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 88.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1953b, p. 89.Google Scholar
Rushbrooke, M., Wilson, E. S. B., Acland, J. D., and Wislon, G. M., Brit. med. J., 1956, i, 139.Google Scholar
Sabshin, M., and Eisen, S. B., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1957, 67, 746.Google Scholar
Salisbury, B. J., and Hare, E. H., J. Ment. Sci., 1957, 103, 830.Google Scholar
Salmoiraghi, G. C., McCubbin, J. W., and Pahe, I. H., J. Pharmacol., 1957, 119, 240.Google Scholar
Sargant, W., Brit. med. J., 1956, i, 939.Google Scholar
Idem and Shorvon, H. J., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 1945, 54, 231.Google Scholar
Sargant, W. and Slater, E., An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry. 1954a. 3rd ed. London: Livingstone, p. 168.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1954b, p. 143.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1954c, p. 169.Google Scholar
Savage, C., Lysergic Acid Diethylamide and Mescaline in Experimental Psychiatry, 1956. Ed. Cholden, L. New York: Grune and Stratton, p. 41.Google Scholar
Savini, E. C., Brit. J. Pharmacol., 1956, 11, 313.Google Scholar
Schilder, P., Medical Psychology, 1953a. Trans. and ed. D. Rapaport. International Universities Press, p. 298.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1953b, p. 310.Google Scholar
Schulte, J. N., Reif, E. C., Bacher, J. A., Lawrence, W. S., and Tainter, M. L., J. Pharmacol., 1941, 71, 62.Google Scholar
Schwarz, B. E., Nakim, K. G., Bickford, R. G., and Lichtenheld, F. R., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 1956, 75, 83.Google Scholar
Searle, L. V., and Brown, C. N., Psychol. Bull., 1937, 34, 558.Google Scholar
Shagass, C., EEG Clin. Neurophysiol., 1954, 6, 221.Google Scholar
Idem and Naiman, J. , J. Psychosom. Res., 1956, 1, 49.Google Scholar
Sheldon, W. H., The Varieties of Temperament, 1942a. New York: Harper, p. 272.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1942b, p. 45.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1942c, p. 66.Google Scholar
Shirley, M., Psychol. Bull., 1929, 26, 341.Google Scholar
Shorvon, H. J., Brit. med. J., 1945, ii, 285.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F., Amer. J. Psychol., 1953, 8, 69.Google Scholar
Smith, T. P., Brit. med. J., 1956, i, 1088.Google Scholar
Snell, E. S., and Armitage, P., Lancet, 1957, i, 860.Google Scholar
Snow, P. J. D., Lennard-Jones, J. E., Curzon, G., and Stacey, R. S., ibid., 1955, ii, 1004.Google Scholar
Spragg, S. D. S., Psychol. Bull., 1941, 38, 354.Google Scholar
Stafford-Clark, D., Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1957, 50, 615.Google Scholar
Stanton, J. B., J. Ment. Sci., 1954, 100, 961.Google Scholar
Stengel, E., and Mayer-Gross, W., ibid., 1945, 91, 311.Google Scholar
Stewart, C. C., Amer. J. Physiol., 1898, 1, 40.Google Scholar
Straus, B., Eisenberg, J., and Gennis, J., Ann. intern. Med., 1955, 42, 574.Google Scholar
Strauss, E. B., Reason and Unreason in Psychological Medicine, 1953. London: H. K. Lewis, p. 31.Google Scholar
Szára, S., in Psychotropic Drugs, 1957. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. p. 460.Google Scholar
Tainter, M. L., Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1956, 18, 206.Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, H. A., J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1941, 93, 581.Google Scholar
Thorpe, J. G., and Baker, A. A., J. Ment. Sci., 1956, 102, 790.Google Scholar
Idem and Barker, J. C. , Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chicago), 1957, 78, 194.Google Scholar
Tibbets, R. W., and Hawkings, J. R., J. Ment. Sci., 1956, 102, 60.Google Scholar
Trotter, P. A., Lancet, 1954, ii, 1302.Google Scholar
Trouton, D. S., J. Ment. Sci., 1957, 103, 344.Google Scholar
Idem , Science News., 1958, 47, 31.Google Scholar
Tyler, D. B., Amer. J. Physiol., 1947, 150, 253.Google Scholar
Vane, J. R., Brit. J. Pharmacol., 1957, 12, 344.Google Scholar
Idem , Personal communication, 1958.Google Scholar
Varner, W. B., Psychol. Bull., 1933, 30, 616.Google Scholar
Vaughan, G. F., Leiberman, D. M., and Cook, L. C., Lancet, 1955, i, 1083.Google Scholar
Vogt, M., 5-Hydroxytryptamine, 1958. London: Pergamon Press, p. 209.Google Scholar
Wallace, D. C., Lancet, 1955, ii, 116.Google Scholar
Walton, R. P., Marihuana, 1938a. New York: Lipincott, p. 58.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1936b, p. 115.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1956c, p. 117.Google Scholar
Ward, R. H., A Drug Taker's Notes, 1957. London: Gollancz, p. 36.Google Scholar
Weatherall, M., Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 1957, 50, 617.Google Scholar
Weinstein, E. A., and Kahn, R. L., Denial of Illness, 1955a. Springfield, Illinois, p. 120.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1955b, p. 124.Google Scholar
Idem , ibid., 1955c, p. 123.Google Scholar
Wikler, A., Fed. Proc., 1952a, 11, 647.Google Scholar
Idem , Amer. J. Psychiat., 1952b, 108, 593.Google Scholar
Wilkins, R. W., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1954, 59, 36.Google Scholar
Williams, E. J., Aust. J. sci. Res. Series A., 1949, 2, 149.Google Scholar
Wing, L., J. Ment. Sci., 1956, 102, 530.Google Scholar
Wolf, S., J. clin. Invest., 1950, 29, 100.Google Scholar
Wolff, H. G., and Curran, D., Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chicago), 1935, 33, 1175.Google Scholar
Woolley, D. W., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 1955, 41, 338.Google Scholar
Idem , Hormones, Brain Function, and Behaviour, 1957. Ed. Hoagland, H. New York: Academic Press, p. 137.Google Scholar
Idem and Shaw, E., J. biol. Chem., 1953, 203, 69.Google Scholar
Zilboorg, G., A History of Medical Psychology, 1941. New York: Norton, p. 217.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.