Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T10:00:50.231Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Relationship Between Clinical Diagnosis and Anxiety, Assessed by Forearm Blood Flow and Other Measurements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

D. H. W. Kelly
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, S.E.1
C. J. S. Walter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, S.E.1

Extract

Anxiety may be present to a greater or lesser degree in almost every psychiatric syndrome. The ability to quantify the degree of anxiety present in an individual patient has important implications for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Accurate clinical assessment of anxiety is by no means an easy task, although many psychiatrists believe it to be. If no other methods are used, there is no way of knowing how often an individual clinician is right or wrong. However, if several independent methods of assessing anxiety are used, more data are available, and a better overall judgment on an individual patient can be made.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1968 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackner, B. (1954a). “Depersonalization. I. Aetiology and phenomenology.” J. ment. Sci., 100, 838853.Google Scholar
Ackner, B. (1954b). “Depersonalization. II. Clinical Syndromes.” Ibid., 100, 854872.Google ScholarPubMed
Ackner, B. (1956). “The relationship between anxiety and the level of peripheral vasomotor activity.” J. psychosom. Res., 1, 2148.Google Scholar
Altschule, M. D., and Sulzbach, W. M. (1949). “Effect of carbon dioxide on acrocyanosis in schizophrenia.” Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 61, 4455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barcroft, H., and Swan, H. J. C. (1953). Sympathetic Control of Human Blood Vessels. London.Google Scholar
Blair, D. A., Glover, W. E., Greenfield, A. D. M., and Roddie, I. C. (1959). “Excitation of cholinergic vasodilator nerves to human skeletal muscles during emotional stress.” J. Physiol. (Lond.), 148, 633647.Google Scholar
Darrow, C. W., and Solomon, A. P. (1934). “Galvanic skin reflex and blood-pressure reactions in psychotic states.” Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 32, 273299.Google Scholar
Davison, K. (1964). “Episodic depersonalization, observations on 7 patients.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 505513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1959). Manual of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. London.Google Scholar
Gelder, M. G., Marks, I. M., and Wolff, H. H. (1967). “Desensitization and psychotherapy in the treatment of phobic states: a controlled inquiry.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 113, 5373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glickstein, M., Chevalier, J. A., Korchin, S. J., Basowitz, H., Sabshin, M., Hamburg, D. A., and Grinker, R. R. (1957). “Temporal heart rate patterns in anxious patients.” Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 78, 101106.Google Scholar
Harper, M., Gurney, C., Savage, D. R., and Roth, M. (1965). “Forearm blood flow in normal subjects and patients with phobic anxiety states.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 723731.Google Scholar
Hellon, R. F., and Clarke, R. S. J. (1959). “Changes in forearm blood flow with age.” Clin. Sci., 18, 17.Google Scholar
Howe, E. S. (1958). “G.S.R. conditioning in anxiety states, normals, and chronic functional schizophrenic subjects.” J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 56, 183189.Google Scholar
Imms, F. J., and Kelly, D. H. W. (1966). “Variations of forearm blood flow with age and sex.” J. Geront., 21, 432434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, D. H. W. (1965a). “Measurement of anxiety by forearm blood flow.” M.D. Thesis, London University Library.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. H. W. (1965b). Correspondence. Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 10121013.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. H. W. (1966). “Measurement of anxiety by forearm blood flow.” Ibid., 112, 789798.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. H. W. (1967). “The technique of forearm plethysmography for assessing anxiety.” J. psychosom. Res., 10, 373382.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. H. W. and Martin, I. (1968). “Autonomic reactivity and conditionability and their relationship to neuroticism and extraversion.” In preparation.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. H. W. Walter, C. J. S., and Sargant, W. (1966). “Modified leucotomy assessed by forearm blood flow and other measurements.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 112, 871881.Google Scholar
Lader, M. H., and Wing, L. (1966). Physiological Measures, Sedative Drugs and Morbid Anxiety. London.Google Scholar
Lang, P. J., and Buss, A. H. (1965). “Psychological deficit in schizophrenia. II. Interference and activation.” J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 70, 77106.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. J. (1934). “Melancholia: a clinical survey of depressive states.” J. ment. Sci., 80, 277378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malmo, R. B., and Shagass, C. (1952). “Studies of blood pressure in psychiatric patients under stress.” Psychosom. Med., 14, 8293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malmo, R. B., and Smith, A. A. (1951). “Responsiveness in chronic schizophrenia.” J. Personality, 19, 359375.Google Scholar
Malmo, R. B., and Smith, A. A. (1955). “Forehead tension and motor irregularities in psychoneurotic patients under stress.” Ibid., 23, 391406.Google ScholarPubMed
Marks, I. M., Birley, J. L. T., and Gelder, M. G. (1966). “Modified leucotomy in severe agoraphobia: a controlled serial inquiry.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 112, 757769.Google Scholar
Marks, I. M., and Gelder, M. G. (1965). “A controlled retrospective study of behaviour therapy in phobic patients.” Ibid., 111, 561573.Google Scholar
Martin, I. (1956). “Levels of muscle activity in psychiatric patients.” Acta psychol. (Amst.), 12, 326341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer-Gross, W. (1935). “On depersonalization.” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 15, 103122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mednick, S. A. (1958). “A learning theory approach to research in schizophrenia.” Psychol. Bull., 55, 316327.Google Scholar
Roth, M. (1959). “The phobic anxiety-depersonalization syndrome.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 52, 587595.Google Scholar
Roth, M. (1960). “The phobic anxiety-depersonalization syndrome and some general aetiological problems in psychiatry.” J. Neuropsychiat., 1, 293306.Google ScholarPubMed
Roth, M. and Harper, M. (1962). “Temporal lobe epilepsy and the phobic anxiety-depersonalization syndrome. Part II. Practical and theoretical considerations.” Compr. Psychiat., 3, 215226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sainsbury, P., and Gibson, J. G. (1954). “Symptoms of anxiety and tension and the accompanying physiological changes in the muscular system.” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 17, 216224.Google Scholar
Sargant, W., and Dally, P. (1962). “Treatment of anxiety states by antidepressant drugs.” Brit. med. J., i, 69.Google Scholar
Shagass, C. (1954). “The sedation threshold. A method for estimating tension in psychiatric patients.” Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 6, 221233.Google Scholar
Shagass, C. (1955). “Differentiation between anxiety and depression by photically activated electroencephalogram.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 112, 4146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shagass, C. (1960). “Drug thresholds as indicators of personality and affect.” In: Drugs and Behaviour (eds. Uhr, L. and Miller, J. G.). New York.Google Scholar
Shagass, C. and Naiman, J. (1956). “The sedation threshold as an objective index of manifest anxiety in psychoneurosis.” J. psychosom. Res., 1, 4957.Google Scholar
Shorvon, H. J. (1947). “Prefrontal leucotomy and the depersonalization syndrome.” Lancet, ii, 714718.Google Scholar
Shorvon, H. J. Hill, J. D. N., Burkitt, E., and Halstead, H. (1946). “The depersonalization syndrome.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 39, 779792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solomon, A. P., and Fentress, T. L. (1934). “Galvanic skin reflex and blood pressure reactions in psychoneuroses.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 80, 163182.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. A. (1953). “A personality scale of manifest anxiety.” J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 48, 285290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van der Merwe, A. B. (1948). “The diagnostic value of peripheral vasomotor reactions in the psychoneuroses.” Psychosom. Med., 10, 347354.Google Scholar
Venables, P. H. (1966). “Psychophysiological aspects of schizophrenia.” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 39, 289297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, E. D., and Dally, P. J. (1959). “Effects of iproniazid in depressive syndromes.” Brit. med. J., i, 14911494.Google Scholar
Whatmore, G. B., and Ellis, R. M. (1958). “Some motor aspects of schizophrenia: an EMG study.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 114, 882889.Google Scholar
Williams, M. (1953). “Psychophysiological responsiveness to psychological stress in early chronic schizophrenic reactions.” Psychosom. Med., 15, 456462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zahn, T. P. (1964). “Autonomic reactivity and behaviour in schizophrenia.” Psychiat. Res. Rep. Amer. psychiat. Ass., 19, 156177.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.