Hostname: page-component-6b989bf9dc-wj8jn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-14T23:03:12.499Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Clinical Investigation of Phobias

Part I. A Critical Examination of the Existing Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

R. P. Snaith
R. P. Snaith*
Affiliation:
Stanley Royd Hospital, Wakefield, Yorkshire
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The term “agoraphobia” was coined by Westphal, who in 1872 published a monograph Die Agoraphobie (12) in which three male patients were described with the following symptoms:

… impossibility of walking through certain streets or squares, or possibility of doing so only with resultant dread of anxiety … no loss of consciousness … vertigo was excluded by all patients … no hallucinations or delusions to cause this strange fear … agony was much increased at those hours when the particular streets dreaded were deserted and the shops closed. The patients experienced great comfort from the companionship of men or even an inanimate object, such as a vehicle or a cane. The use of beer or wine also allowed the patient to pass through the feared locality with comparative comfort. One man even sought, without immoral motives, the companionship of a prostitute as far as his own door … Some localities are more difficult of access than others; the patient walking far in order not to traverse them … Strange to say, in one instance, the open country was less feared than sparsely housed streets in town. Case 3 also had a dislike for crossing a certain bridge. He feared he would fall in the water. In this case there was also apprehension of impending insanity.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 114 , Issue 511 , June 1968 , pp. 673 - 697
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1968 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Abraham, K. (1955). Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press. p. 42.Google Scholar
2. Benedikt, M. (1870). “Über Platzschwindel.” Allg. Wien. med. Ztg., 15, 488.Google Scholar
3. Bergler, E. (1957). “Fear of heights.” Psychoanalyt. Rev., 44, 447.Google ScholarPubMed
4. Bergler, E. (1951). “The Marshal Ney formula.” Psychoanalyt. Rev., 38, 172.Google Scholar
5. Black, A. A. (1966). “Factors predisposing to a placebo response in new out-patients with anxiety states.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 112, 557–567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Brun, R. (1946). A General Theory of Neuroses. New York: International Universities Press, Inc.Google Scholar
7. Burton, Robert (1621). The Anatomy of Melancholy. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Burton, Robert (1621). The Anatomy of Melancholy. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Deutsch, H. (1929). “The genesis of agoraphobia.” Int. J. Psychoanal., 10.Google Scholar
10. Dixon, J. J., de Monchaux, C., and Sandler, J. (1957). “Patterns of anxiety: the phobias.” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 30, 34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Dollard, J., and Miller, N. E. (1950). Personality and Psychotherapy. McGraw-Hill. p. 157.Google Scholar
12. Errera, P. (1962). “Some historical aspects of the concept phobia.” Psych. Quart., 36, 325.Google Scholar
13. Errera, P. and Coleman, J. V. (1963). “A long-term follow-up study of neurotic phobic patients in a psychiatric clinic.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 136(3), 267.Google Scholar
14. Fenichel, O. (1945). The Psychoanalytic Theory of the Neuroses. New York: W. W. Norton and Co. pp. 194, 196–7.Google Scholar
15. Fenichel, O. (1945). The Psychoanalytic Theory of the Neuroses., pp. 199–202.Google Scholar
16. Franks, C. M. (1960). “Conditioning and abnormal behaviour.” In: Handbook of Abnormal Psychology. ed. Eysenck, H. J. London: Pitman.Google Scholar
17. Freud, S. (1894). In: Collected Papers, Vol. 1. International Psychoanalytic Press. 1924. pp. 76–106.Google Scholar
18. Freud, S. (1895). In: Collected Papers, Vol. 1. International Psychoanalytic Press. 1924. pp. 128–137.Google Scholar
19. Freud, S. (1895). Collected Papers. pp. 135 ff.Google Scholar
20. Freud, S. (1909). In: Collected Papers, Vol. 3. London: Hogarth Press. 1946. pp. 149–288.Google Scholar
21. Freud, S. (1918). In: Collected Papers, Vol. 3. London: Hogarth Press. pp. 473–585.Google Scholar
22. Freud, S. (1926). The Problem of Anxiety. New York: Psychoanalytic Quarterly Press and W. W. Norton and Co. 1936, pp. 39–40.Google Scholar
23. Freud, S. (1932). New Introductory Lectures to Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press. 1957, pp. 110–113.Google Scholar
24. Geer, J. H. (1965). “The development of a scale to measure fear.” Behav. Res. Ther., 3, 45.Google Scholar
25. Gelder, M. G., and Marks, I. M. (1966). “Severe agoraphobia: a controlled prospective trial of behaviour therapy.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 112, 309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Grossberg, J. M., and Wilson, H. K. (1965). “A correlational comparison of the Wolpe-Lang Fear Survey Schedule and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale.” Behav. Res. Ther., 3, 125.Google Scholar
27. Hamilton, M. (1959). “The assessment of anxiety states by rating.” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 32(1), 50.Google Scholar
28. Hippocrates, . Epidemics, Book V, 81 and 82. Paris: Oeuvres Complètes. Ballière. 1846.Google Scholar
29. Ivey, E. P. (1959). “Recent advances in the psychiatric diagnosis and treatment of phobias.” Am. J. Psychother., 13, 35.Google Scholar
30. Janet, Pierre. Cited by Henderson, D. K., and Gillespie, R. D. in A Textbook of Psychiatry. O.U.P. 6th ed. 1944. p. 146.Google Scholar
31. Jones, E. (1918). Papers on Psychoanalysis. 2nd ed. Ballière, Tindall and Cox. 1918. p. 499.Google Scholar
32. Jones, E. Papers on Psychoanalysis. Chap. 29.Google Scholar
33. Jones, E. (1956). Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, Vol. 1. London: Hogarth Press. p. 14.Google Scholar
34. Katan, A. (1951). “The role of displacement in agoraphobia.” International J. Psychoanal., 32, 41.Google Scholar
35. Klein, D. F. (1964). “The delineation of two drug-responsive anxiety syndromes.” Psychopharmacologia, 5, 397.Google Scholar
36. Kraepelin, E. (1909). Psychiatric: Ein Lehrbuch fur Studierende und Ärzte. 8te. Aufl. Band 1. Leipzig, Barth, p. 349.Google Scholar
37. Lancet (1961). i, 492.Google Scholar
38. Laughlin, H. P. (1956). The Neuroses in Clinical Practice. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders and Co.Google Scholar
39. Lewin, B. D. (1935). “Claustrophobia.” Psychoanalyt. Quart., 4, 227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
40. Lief, H. I. (1955). “Sensory associations in the selection of phobic objects.” Psychiatry, 18, 331.Google Scholar
41. Marks, I. M., and Gelder, M. G. (1965). “A controlled retrospective study of behaviour therapy in phobic patients.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 561.Google Scholar
42. Meyer, V., and Gelder, M. G. (1963). “Behaviour therapy and phobic disorders.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 109, 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
43. Miller, N. E. (1948). “Studies of fear as an acquirable drive.” J. exp. Psychol., 38, 89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44. Mowrer, O. H. (1939). “A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent.” Psychol. Rev., 46, 553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45. Nakao, H. (1958). “Emotional behaviour produced by hypothalamic stimulation.” Am. J. Physiol., 194(2), 411.Google Scholar
46. Oppenheim, H. (1911). Textbook of Nervous Diseases. Vol. 2. Otto Schulz and Co. pp. 1148–1150.Google Scholar
47. Pond, D. A., Ryle, A., and Hamilton, M. (1963). “Social factors and neurosis in a working class population.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 109, 587.Google Scholar
48. Roberts, A. H. (1964). “The housebound housewife.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49. Roberts, J. M., and Hamilton, M. (1958). “Treatment of anxiety states. I. The effects of suggestion on the symptoms of anxiety states.” J. ment. Sci., 104, 1052.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50. Roth, M. (1959). “The phobic anxiety depersonalization syndrome.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 52-8, 587.Google Scholar
51. Snaith, R. P., Goodman, M. J., and Holman, R. (1965). “The control of manifest anxiety in dermatological patients.” Proceedings of the Leeds Symposium on Behavioural Disorders.Google Scholar
52. Taylor, J. A. (1951). “The relationship of anxiety to the conditioned eyelid response.” J. Exp. Psychol., 41, 81.Google Scholar
53. Terhune, W. B. (1949). “The phobic syndrome.” Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 62(2), 162.Google Scholar
54. Watson, J. B. (1931). Behaviourism. 2nd ed. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench Trubner & Co. Ltd. pp. 164, 173–4.Google Scholar
55. Weiss, E. (1935). “Agoraphobia and its relation to hysterical attacks and traumas.” Int. J. Psychoanal., 16, 59.Google Scholar
56. Welch, L., and Kubis, J. (1947). “Conditioned psychogalvanic response in states of pathological anxiety.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 105, 372.Google Scholar
57. West, E. D., and Dally, P. J. (1959). “The effects of iproniazid in depressive syndromes.” Brit. med. J., 1, 1491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58. Wolpe, J. (1954). “Reciprocal inhibition as the main basis of psychotherapeutic effects.” A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 72, 205.Google Scholar
59. Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
60. Wolpe, J. (1961). “The systematic desensitization treatment of the neuroses.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 132(3), 189.Google Scholar
61. Wolpe, J. (1964). “Behaviour therapy in complex neurotic states.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 28.Google Scholar
62. Wolpe, J., and Lang, P. J. (1964). “A Fear Survey Schedule for use in behaviour therapy.” Behav. Res. Ther., 2, 27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
63. Wolpe, J., and Rachman, S. (1960). “Psychoanalytic ‘evidence’: a critique based on Freud's case of ‘Little Hans’.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 131, 135.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.