Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T02:26:58.149Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Paradigm for the Study of Altered States of Consciousness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Julian Silverman  and
Wolfgang Köhler
Wolfgang Köhler
Affiliation:
Section on Perceptual and Cognitive Studies, Adult Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014, U.S.A
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

“When man experiences that certain sequences of mental events lead to behavior which has, as a matter of fact, survival value, he calls such mental facts ‘right’. It would be better, however, if instead of this word some neutral symbol were being used for those particular events; because the word ‘right’ leads to the unfortunate notion that some combinations of mental facts are intrinsically better than others. …”

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 114 , Issue 515 , October 1968 , pp. 1201 - 1218
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1968 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allison, J. (1963). “Cognitive structure and receptivity to low intensity stimulation.” J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 67, 132–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Batman, R. H., Albee, G. W., and Lane, E. A. (1966). “Intelligence tests performance of chronic and recovered schizophrenics.” Reprinted from Proceedings of the 74th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Benfari, R. (1966a). “The scanning control principle and its relationship to affect manipulation.” Percept. mot. Skills, 22, 203–216.Google Scholar
Benfari, R. (1966b). “Defense and control: further indications.” Percept. mot. Skills, 22, 736–738.Google Scholar
Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict, Arousal, and Curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleuler, E. (1950). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. (Originally published, 1911) (trans. by Zinkin, J.). New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Boisen, A. T. (1936). The Exploration of the Inner World. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Boisen, A. T. (1947). “Onset in acute schizophrenia.” Psychiat., 10, 159–166.Google Scholar
Broverman, D. M. (1960). “Dimensions of cognitive style.” J. Pers., 28, 167–185.Google Scholar
Broverman, D. M., and Broverman, I. K. (1966). “Ability to automatize and automatization cognitive style: a validation study.” Percept. mot. Skills, 23, 419–437.Google Scholar
Buchsbaum, M. (Unpublished study.)Google Scholar
Buchsbaum, M. and Silverman, J. (1968). “Stimulus intensity control and the cortical evoked response.” Psychosom. Med., 30, 12–22.Google Scholar
Carlson, V. R. (1962). “Under estimation in size-constancy judgments.” Amer. J. Psychol., 75, 462–465.Google Scholar
Chapman, J. (1967). “Visual imagery and motor phenomena in acute schizophrenia.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 113, 771–778.Google Scholar
Chapman, L. F., and Walter, R. D. (1964). “Actions of lysergic acid diethylamide on averaged human cortical evoked responses to light flash.” In Wortis, J. (Ed.) Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry, VII. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. I. (1964). The Beyond Within: the LSD Story. New York: Athenium Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. I., Silverman, A. J., and Shmavonian, B. M. (1963). “Psychophysiological studies in altered sensory environments.” J. psychosom. Res., 6, 259–281.Google Scholar
Culver, C. M., Cohen, S. I., Silverman, A. J., and Shmavonian, B. M. (1963). “Cognitive structuring, field-dependence-independence, and the psychophysiological response to perceptual isolation.” In Wortis, J. (Ed.), Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry, IV. New York: Plenum Press, 119–128.Google Scholar
Davis, D., Cromwell, R., and Held, , Joan, (1967). “Size estimation in emotionally disturbed children and schizophrenic adults.” J. abnorm. Psychol., 72, 395–401.Google Scholar
Deikman, A. J. (1963). “Experimental meditation.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 136, 329–343.Google Scholar
Deikman, A. J. (1966). “De-automatization and the mystic experience.” Psychiat., 29, 324–338.Google Scholar
DeLuca, J. N. (1967). “Direct measurement of differential cognitive deficit in acute schizophrenia.” J. abnorm. Psychol., 72, 143–146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dement, W., and Kleitman, N. (1957). “Cyclic variations in the EEG during sleep and their relation to eye movements, body motility and dreaming.” Electroencephal. clin. Neurophysiol., 9, 673–690.Google Scholar
Dichtburn, R. W., and Fender, D. H. (1955). “The stabilized retinal image.” Optica Acta, 2, 128–133.Google Scholar
Eliade, M. (1964). Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstacy. New York: Pantheon Book.Google Scholar
Erlich, H. S. (1965). “Cognitive controls, drive related contents and delayed auditory feedback performance.” Paper presented at meetings of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, April, 1966. It is based on an unpublished doctoral dissertation on file with New York University.Google Scholar
Fischer, R. (1966). “Space time coordinates of excited and tranquillized states.” Paper presented at the 4th International Colloquium of Psychopathology of Expression, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Fischer, R., Griffin, F., Archer, R. C., Zinsmeister, S. C., and Jastram, P. S. (1965). “Weber ratio in gustatory chemoreception: an indicator of systemic (drug) reactivity.” Nature, 207, No. 5001, 1049–1053.Google Scholar
Fiss, H. (1966). “The effects of experimentally induced changes in alertness on responses to subliminal stimulation.” J. Pers., 34, 577–595.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1955). “Beyond the Pleasure Principle.” In The Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, Standard Ed. London: Hogarth Press, 7–64.Google Scholar
Frijling-Schreuder, E. C. M. (1966). “The adaptive use of regression.” Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 47, 364–369.Google ScholarPubMed
Gaarder, K., Silverman, J., Pfefferbaum, D., Pfefferbaum, , Louise, , and King, , Catherine, (1967). “Infrared method for assessment of small and large eye movements in clinical experiments.” Percept. mot. Skills, 25, 473–484.Google Scholar
Gardner, R. W. (1961). “Cognitive controls of attention deployment as determinants of visual illusions.” J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 62, 120–127.Google Scholar
Gardner, R. W., Holzman, P. S., Klein, G. S., Linton, H. B., and Spence, D. P. (1959). “Cognitive control: a study of individual consistencies in cognitive behaviour.” Psychol. Issues, 1, No. 4.Google Scholar
Spence, D. P. and Long, R. I. (1962). “Control, defense, and centration effect: a study of scanning behaviour.” Brit. J. Psychol., 53, 129–140.Google Scholar
Green, W. J. (1965). “The effect of LSD on the sleep-dream cycle.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 140, No. 6, 417–426.Google Scholar
Hebbard, F. W., and Fischer, R. R. (1966). “Effect of psilocybin, LSD and mescaline on small, involuntary eye movements.” Psychopharmacologia (Berl.), 9, 146–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hein, P. L., Cohen, S. I., and Shmavonian, B. M. (1964). “Perceptual mode and Pavlovian typology.” In Wortis, J. (Ed.) Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry, VII. New York: Plenum Press, 71–78.Google Scholar
Hein, P. L., Cohen, S. I., and Shmavonian, B. M. (1966). “Perceptual mode and cardiac conditioning.” Psychophysiol., 3, 101–107.Google Scholar
Henkin, R., Buchsbaum, M., Welpton, D., Zahn, T., Scott, W., Wynne, L., and Silverman, J. (1967 December). “Physiological and psychological effects of LSD in chronic users.” Presented at the Eastern Meeting of the American Federation for Clinical Research.Google Scholar
Hoffer, A., and Osmond, H. (1966). “Some psychological consequences of perceptual disorder and schizophrenia.” Int. J. Neuropsychiat., 2, 1–19.Google Scholar
Hollister, L., and Hartman, A. M. (1962). “Mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin: comparison of clinical syndromes, effects on color perception and biochemical measures.” Comprehens. Psychiat., 3, 235–241.Google Scholar
Howe, E. S. (1958). “GSR conditioning in anxiety states, normals and chronic functional schizophrenic subjects.” J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 56, 183–189.Google Scholar
Immergluck, L. (1966). “Figural after-effects, rate of figure-ground reversal, and field dependence.” Psychonomic Sci., 6, 45–46.Google Scholar
Israel, , Nancy, (1966). “Individual differences in GSR orienting response and cognitive control.” J. exp. Res. in Pers., 1, 244–248.Google Scholar
James, W. (1890). Principles of Psychology, I. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 402.Google Scholar
Jung, C. G. (1960). “The psychology of dementia praecox.” In The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, 3, Bollingen Series XX. New York: Pantheon Book.Google Scholar
Kast, E. C. (1964—November). “Lysergic acid in the treatment of pain—a contribution to the understanding of the pain process as a conditioned reflex.” Kortiko-Viszerale Physiologic, Pathologic und Therapie. Internationales Symposium, Vom 3, bis 6. Berlin.Google Scholar
Kast, E. C., and Collins, V. J. (1964). “Lysergic acid diethylamide as an analgesic agent.” Anesthesia and Analgesia, 43, 285–291.Google Scholar
Kaswan, J., Haralson, , Sally, , and Clive, , Ruth, (1965). “Variables in perceptual and cognitive organization and differentiation.” J. Pers., 33, 164.Google Scholar
Keeler, M. H. (1965). “The effects of psilocybin on a test of after-image perception.” Psychopharmacologia, 8, 131–139.Google Scholar
Kelm, H. (1962). “The figural after-effect in schizophrenic patients.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 135, 338–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelm, H. and Hall, R. W. (1967). “Hoffer-Osmond diagnostic test and figural after-effects.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 144, 305–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelm, H., Jennsen, S. E., and Ramsay, R. W. (1963). “The figural after-effect and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25).” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 137, 557–560.Google Scholar
Key, B. J. (1965). “Effect of lysergic acid diethylamide on potentials evoked in the specific sensory pathways.” Brit. med. Bull., 21, 30–35.Google Scholar
Klein, G. S. (1958). “Cognitive control and motivation.” In Lindzey, G. (Ed.) Assessment of Human Motives. New York: Rinehart, 87–118.Google Scholar
Köhler, W. (1966). A Place of Value in a World of Facts. (Originally published, 1938.) New York: Mentor Books.Google Scholar
Köhler, W. and Adams, Pauline A. (1958). “Perception and attention.” Amer. J. Psychol., 71, 489–503.Google Scholar
Kohn, B., and Bryden, M. P. (1965). “The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) on perception with stabilized images.” Psychopharmacologia, 7, 311–320.Google Scholar
Kooi, K. A., and Bagchi, B. K. (1964). “Visual evoked responses in man: normative data.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 112, 254.Google Scholar
Krus, D. M., Resnick, O., and Raskin, M. (1966). “Apparent eye level test.” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 14, 419–427.Google Scholar
Lacey, J. I. (1966). “Somatic response patterning and stress: some revisions of activation theory.” In Appley, M. H. and Trumbull, R. (Eds.) Psychological Stress: Issues in Research. New York: Appleton.Google Scholar
Laing, R. D. (1960). The Divided Self. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Landauer, A. A., Singer, G., and Day, R. H. (1966). “Correlation between visual and kinesthetic spatial after-effects.” J. exp. Psychol., 72, 892–894.Google Scholar
Lapkin, B. (1960). “The relation of primary process thinking to the recovery of subliminal material.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University.Google Scholar
Lerner, , Barbara, (1967). “Dream function reconsidered.” J. abnorm. Psychol., 72, 85–100.Google Scholar
Levine, A., Abramson, H. A., Kaufman, M. R., and Markham, S. (1955). “Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25): XVI. The effect on intellectual functioning as measured by the Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence scale.” J. Psychol. 40, 385–395.Google Scholar
Lienert, G. A. (1966). “Mental age regression induced by lysergic acid diethylamide.” J. Psychol., 63, 3–11.Google Scholar
Luborsky, L., Blinder, B., and Schimek, , Jean, (1965). “Looking, recalling and GSR as a function of defense.” J. abnorm. Psychol., 70, 270–280.Google Scholar
Ludwig, A. M. (1966). “Altered states of consciousness.” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 15, 225–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynn, R. (1963). “Russian theory and research on schizophrenia.” Psychol. Bull., 60, 486–498.Google Scholar
Mackworth, N. H. (1967). “A stand camera for line of sight recording.” Percept. Psychophy., 2, 119–127.Google Scholar
Maupin, , Barbara, A. M. (1963). “The effect of altered ego states on the utilization of subliminal registrations of color.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
McGhie, A., and Chapman, J. (1961). “Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia.” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 34, 103–116.Google Scholar
Messick, S., and Fritzky, F. J. (1963). “Dimensions of analytic attitude in cognition and personality.” J. Pers., 31, 346–370.Google Scholar
Murphy, G. (1958). Human Potentialities. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Muzio, J. N., Howard, M. A., Roffwarg, P., and Kaufman, E. (1966). “Alterations in the nocturnal sleep cycle resulting from LSD.” Electroencephal. clin. Neurophysio., 21, 313–324.Google Scholar
Neale, J. M., and Cromwell, R. L. (in press). “Size estimation of schizophrenics as a function of stimulus presentation time.” J. abnorm. Psychol.Google Scholar
Pahnke, W. N. (1967). “The contribution of the psychology of religion to the therapeutic use of the psychedelic substances.” In Abramson, H. A. (Ed.) The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., Inc.Google Scholar
Paul, I. H. (1964). “The effects of a drug-induced alteration in state of consciousness on retention of drive-related verbal material.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 138, 367–374.Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1957). “General types of animal and human higher nervous activity.” In I. P. Pavlov's Experimental Psychology and Other Essays. New York: Philosophical Library.Google Scholar
Petrie, , Asenath, , (1967). Individuality in Pain and Suffering. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Petrie, , Asenath, , Holland, , Taffy, , and Wolk, , Irene, (1963). “Perception and personality.” In Halpern, L. (Ed.) Problems of Dynamic Neurology. Jerusalem: Rothschild Hadassah University.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, C. C., Goldstein, L., Murphree, H. B., and Sugarman, A. A. (1965). “Time series, frequency analysis, and electrogenesis of the EEG's of normal and psychotics before and after drugs.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 121, 1147–1155.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1950). The Psychology of Intelligence. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Pribram, K. H., and Melges, F. T. (in press). “Emotion: the search for control.” In Kickin, P. J. and Bruyn, G. W. (Eds.) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, III Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Co. Google Scholar
Rodin, E., and Luby, E. (1966). “Effects of LSD-25 in the EEG and photic evoked responses.” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 14, 435–441.Google Scholar
Sarbin, T. R. (1967). “The concept of hallucination.” J. Pers., 35, 359–380.Google Scholar
Sasaki, Y. (1968). “Psychiatric study of the shaman in Japan.” In Caudill, W. and Tsung-yi, L. (Eds.) Mental Health Research in Asia and the Pacific. Hawaii: East-West Center Press (in press).Google Scholar
Schachtel, E. (1959). Metamorphosis: On the Development of Affect, Perception, Attention and Memory. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Schultz, D. P. (1965). Sensory Restriction: Effects on Behaviour. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Shakow, D. (1962). “Segmental set.” Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 6, 1–17.Google Scholar
Shimazono, Y., Ando, K., Sakamoto, S., Tanaka, T., Eguchi, T., and Nakamura, H. (1965). “Eye movements of waking subjects with closed eyes.” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 13, 537–543.Google Scholar
Silverman, J. (1964). “The problem of attention in research and theory in schizophrenia.” Psychol. Rev., 71, 352–379.Google Scholar
Silverman, J. (1967a). “Variations in cognitive control and psychophysiological defense in the schizophrenias.” Psychosom. Med., 29, 225–251.Google Scholar
Silverman, J. (1967b). “Personality trait and ‘perceptual style’ studies of the psychotherapists of schizophrenic patients.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 145, 5–17.Google Scholar
Silverman, J. (1967c). “Shamans and acute schizophrenia.” Amer. Antkropol., 69, 21–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverman, J. (in press). “Attentional styles and the study of sex differences.” In Mostofsky, D. (Ed.) Attention: Contemporary Studies and Analyses. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Silverman, J., Buchsbaum, M., and Henkin, R. (submitted for publication). “Stimulus sensitivity and stimulus intensity control.” Google Scholar
Silverman, J., and Gaarder, K. (1967). “Rates of saccadic eye movement and size judgments of normals and schizophrenics.” Percept. mot. Skills, 25, 661–667.Google Scholar
Snyder, F., Silverman, J., Gaarder, K., and Scott, J. (unpublished study).Google Scholar
Solley, G. M., and Murphy, G. (1960). Development of the Perceptual World. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Sullivan, H. S. (1962). Schizophrenia as a Human Process. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Szekely, L. (1967). “The creative pause.” Int. J. Psycho-anal., 48, 353–367.Google Scholar
Turner, W. J. (1963). “Experiences with primary process thinking.” Psychiat. Quart., 37, 476–488.Google Scholar
Vierling, J. S., and Roch, J. (1967). “Variations in olfactory sensitivity to exaltolide during the menstrual cycle.” J. appl. Physiol., 22, 311–315.Google Scholar
Wallach, M. B., and Wallach, S. S. (1964). “Involuntary eye movement in certain schizophrenics.” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 11, 71–73.Google Scholar
Wapner, S. (1964). “Some aspects of a research program based on an organismic-developmental approach to cognition: experiments and theory.” J. Amer. Acad. child Psychiat., 3, 193–230.Google Scholar
Wikler, A., Haertzen, C. A., Chessick, R. D., Hill, H. E., and Pescor, F. T. (1965). “Reaction time (‘mental set’) in control and chronic schizophrenic subjects and in post-addicts under placebo, LSD-25, morphine, pentobarbitol and amphetamine.” Psychopharmacologia, 7, 423–443.Google Scholar
Witkin, H. A. (1965). “Psychological differentiation and forms of pathology.” J. abnorm. Psychol., 70, 317–336.Google Scholar
Witkin, H. A., Dyk, Ruth B., Faterson, Hanna F., Good-enough, D. R., and Karp, S. A. (1962). Psychological Differentiation: Studies of Development. New York: Wiley and Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.