Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-fqc5m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T18:33:03.056Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Organic Delusions: Phenomenology, Anatomical Correlations, and Review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Jeffrey L. Cummings*
Affiliation:
Neurobehaviour Unit, 256b (691/B111), West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center (Brentwood Division), 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90073, United States

Summary

Organic delusions are common, but have received little systematic study. Review of the literature reveals that they occur most commonly in toxicmetabolic processes and in disorders affecting the limbic system and basal ganglia. A prospective study of 20 consecutive patients with organic delusions revealed four general types of false beliefs: simple persecutory delusions, complex persecutory delusions, grandiose delusions, and those associated with specific neurological defects (anosognosia, reduplicative paramnesia). Simple delusions responded best to treatment, and complex delusions were more resistent. Acting on delusional beliefs was not unusual, and treatment of the delusions was an important aspect of management of the patient.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1985 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abd El Naby, S. & Hassanein, M. (1965) Neuropsychiatric manifestations of chronic manganese poisoning. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 28, 282288.Google Scholar
Adler, A. E., Sndja, L. & Wilets, G. (1980) Cimetidine toxicity manifested as paranoia and hallucinations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 11121113.Google ScholarPubMed
Alexander, M., Stuss, D. T. & Benson, D. F. (1979) Capgras syndrome: a reduplicative phenomenon. Neurology, 29, 334339.Google Scholar
Alpers, B. J. (1937) Relation of the hypothalamus to disorders of personality. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 38, 291303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ames, F. (1958) A clinical and metabolic study of acute intoxication with cannabis sativa and its role in the model psychoses. Journal of Mental Science, 104, 972999.Google Scholar
Arnold, E. S., Rudd, S. M. & Kirshner, H. (1980) Manic psychosis following rapid withdrawal from baclofen. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 14661467.Google Scholar
Asher, R. (1949) Myxoedematous madness. British Medical Journal, 2, 555562.Google Scholar
Askevold, F. (1959) The occurrence of paranoid incidents and abstinence delirium in abusers of amphetamines. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavia, 34, 145164.Google Scholar
Beamish, P. & Kiloh, L. G. (1960) Psychoses due to amphetamine consumption. Journal of Mental Science, 106, 337343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bear, D. M. (1983) Hemispheric specialization and the neurology of emotion. Archives of Neurology, 40, 195202.Google Scholar
Beard, A. W. (1959) The association of hepatolenticular degeneration with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavia, 34, 411428.Google Scholar
Benson, D. F. (1973) Psychiatric aspects of aphasia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 555566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benson, D. F., Gardner, H. & Meadows, J. C. (1976) Reduplicative paramnesia. Neurology, 26, 147151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergman, P. S. (1957) Cerebral blindness. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 78, 568584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Betts, T. A., Smith, W. T. & Kelly, R. E. (1968) Adult metachromatic leukodystrophy (sulphatide lipidosis) simulating schizophrenia. Neurology, 18, 11401142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blocker, W. W. Jr., Kastl, A. J. Jr. & Daroff, R. B. (1968) The psychiatric manifestations of cerebral malaria. American Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 192196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourgeois, M. & Campagne, A. (1967) Maniaco-depressive et syndrome de Garcin. Annales de Medico-Psychologique, 125, 451460.Google ScholarPubMed
Bouton, S. M. Jr. (1940) Pick's disease: clinicopathologic case reports. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 91, 930.Google Scholar
Bowman, K. M. (1935) Psychoses with pernicious anaemia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 92, 371392.Google Scholar
Bromberg, W. (1930) Mental states in chronic encephalitis. Psychiatric Quarterly, 4, 537566.Google Scholar
Brook, N. M. & Cookson, I. B. (1978) Bromocriptine-induced mania? British Medical Journal, 1, 790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burks, J. S., Huddlestone, J., Alfrey, A. C., Norenberg, M. D. & Lewin, E. (1976) A fatal encephalopathy in chronic haemodialysis patients. Lancet, 1, 764768.Google Scholar
Burnell, G. M. & Foster, T. A. (1972) Psychosis with low sodium syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 133134.Google Scholar
Bursten, N. (1961) Psychoses associated with thyrotoxicosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 267273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cameron, O. G. & Landau, S. G. (1980) Lithium carbonate treatment of mania associated with Klinefelter's syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 243, 1712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chawla, H. M. & Virmani, V. (1977) Capgras phenomenon in a case of temporal lobe epilepsy. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japanica, 31, 615617.Google Scholar
Chokroverty, S., Bruetman, M. E., Berger, V. & Reyes, M. G. (1976) Progressive dialytic encephalopathy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 39, 411419.Google Scholar
Christodoulou, G. N. (1976) Delusional hyper-identification of the Fregoli type. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 54, 305314.Google Scholar
Cleghorn, R. A. (1951) Adrenal cortical insufficiency: psychological and neurological observations. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 65, 449454.Google Scholar
Cohen, M. R. & Niska, R. W. (1980) Localized right cerebral hemisphere dysfunction and recurrent mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 847848.Google ScholarPubMed
Cohen, M. R. & Ditman, K. S. (1963) Prolonged adverse reactions to lysergic acid diethylamide. Archives of General Psychiatry, 8, 475480.Google Scholar
Cohn, C. K., Wright, J. R. III & De Vaul, R. A. (1977) Post head trauma syndrome in an adolescent treated with lithium carbonate—case report. Disease of the Nerxous System, 38, 630631.Google Scholar
Coid, J. & Strang, J. (1982) Mania secondary to procyclidine (‘kemadrin’) abuse. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 8184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, A. T. (1967) Hypomanic psychosis precipitated by hemodialysis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 8, 168172.Google Scholar
Christodoulou, G. N. (1978) Syndrome of subjective doubles. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 249251.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J., Johnstone, E. C. & McClelland, H. A. (1976) The coincidence of schizophrenia and parkinsonism: some neurochemical implications. Psychological Medicine, 6, 227233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J. L. & Benson, D. F. (1983) Dementia: A Clinical Approach. Boston: Butterworths Publishers.Google Scholar
Cummings, J. L., Gosenfeld, L. F., Houlihan, J. P. & McCaffrey, T. (1983) Neuropsychiatric disturbances associated with idiopathic calcification of the basal ganglia. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 591601.Google ScholarPubMed
Cutting, J. (1978a) The relationship between Korsakov's syndrome and ‘alcoholic dementia.’ British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 240251.Google Scholar
Cutting, J. (1978b) Study of anosognosia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 41, 548555.Google Scholar
Damas Mora, J. M. R., Jenner, F. A. & Eacoh, S. E. (1980) On heutoscopy or the phenomenon of the double: case presentation and review of the literature. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 53, 7583.Google Scholar
Davison, K. & Bagley, C. R. (1969) Schizophrenia-like psychoses associated with organic disorders of the central nervous system: a review of the literature. British Journal of Psychiatry, (Spec. Issue No. 4), 113184.Google Scholar
De Fine Olivarius, B. & Boder, E. (1970) Reversible psychosis and dementia in myxedema. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 46, 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewhurst, K. L. (1969) The neurosyphilitic psychoses today. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 3138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewhurst, K. L., Oliver, J., Trick, K. L. K. & McKnight, A. L. (1969) Neuropsychiatric aspects of Huntington's disease. Confinia Neurologica, 31, 258268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (third edition) 1980. Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Fairweather, D. S. (1947) Psychiatric aspects of the postencephalitic syndrome. Journal of Mental Science, 93, 201254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, C. M. (1982) Disorientation for place. Archives of Neurology, 39, 3336.Google Scholar
Fitz, T. E. & Hallman, B. L. (1952) Mental changes associated with hyperparathyroidism. Archives of Internal Medicine, 89, 547551.Google Scholar
Flor-Henry, P. (1969) Psychosis and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia. 10, 363395.Google Scholar
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. (1975) Mini-mental state. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forrest, D. V. (1982) Bipolar illness after right hemispherectomy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 817819.Google Scholar
Francis, A. F. & Freeman, H. L. (1984) Psychiatric abnormality and brain calcification over four generations. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 172, 166170.Google Scholar
Freeman, A. M. III. (1980) Delusions, depersonalization and unusual psychopathological symptoms. In Psychiatric Presentations of Medical Illness, (ed Hall, R. C. W.) New York: SP Medical and Scientific Books.Google Scholar
Gal, P. (1958) Mental symptoms in cases of tumor of temporal lobe. American Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 157160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geocaris, K. (1957) Psychotic episodes heralding the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Menninger Clinical Bulletin, 21, 107116.Google ScholarPubMed
Goggans, F. C. (1983) A case of mania secondary to vitamin B12 deficiency. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 300301.Google Scholar
Goldhammer, Y., Bubis, J., Sarova-Pinhas, I. & Braham, J. (1972) Subacute spongiform encephalopathy and its relation to Jakob-Creutzfeld disease: report of six cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 35, 110.Google Scholar
Goodman, L. (1953) Alzheimer's disease. A clinico-pathologic analysis of twenty-three cases with a theory of causation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 117, 97130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. (1971) Behavioural effects of L-dopa in man. Seminars in Psychiatry, 3, 477492.Google Scholar
Gorman, W. F. & Wortis, S. B. (1947) Psychosis in Addison's disease. Diseases of the Nervous System, 8, 267271.Google Scholar
Grant, H. C. & McMenemey, W. H. (1966) Giant cell encephalitis in a dement. Neuropathologica Polaska, (Suppl 4), 735740.Google Scholar
Greene, J. A. & Swanson, L. W. (1941) Psychosis in hypoparathyroidism; with a report of five cases. Annals of Internal Medicine, 14, 12331236.Google Scholar
Grunfeld, O. & Hinostroza, G. (1964) Thallium poisoning. Archives of Internal Medicine, 114, 132138.Google Scholar
Gysin, W. M. & Cooke, E. T. (1950) Unusual mental symptoms in a case of hepatolenticular degeneration. Diseases of the Nervous System, 28, 305309.Google Scholar
Hachinski, V. C., Iliff, L. D., Zilhka, E., et al (1975) Cerebral blood flow in dementia. Archives of Neurology, 32, 632637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1976) Fish's Schizophrenia, 2nd ed. Bristol, England: John Wright and Sons.Google Scholar
Hammes, E. M. (1922) Psychoses associated with Syndenham's chorea. Journal of the American Medical Association, 79, 804807.Google Scholar
Hanna, S. M. (1970) Hypopituitarism (Sheehan's syndrome) presenting with organic psychosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 33, 192193.Google Scholar
Hausner, R. S. (1980) Amantadine-associated recurrence of psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 240242.Google ScholarPubMed
Hay, G. G., Jolley, D. J. & Jones, R. G. (1974) A case of the Capgras syndrome in association with pseudo-hypoparathyroidism. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 50, 7377.Google Scholar
Hayman, M. A. & Abrams, R. (1977) Cagras' syndrome and cerebral dysfunction. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 6871.Google Scholar
Hillbom, E. (1960) After-effects of brain injuries. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavia, (Suppl 142), 1135.Google Scholar
Hillbom, E. & Kaila, M. (1951) Psychoses after brain trauma. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavia, (Suppl 60), 3047.Google Scholar
Hotson, J. R. & Langston, J. W. (1976) Disulfiram-induced encephalopathy. Archives of Neurology, 33, 141142.Google Scholar
Hubain, P. P., Soboski, J. & Mendlewicz, J. (1982) Cimetidine-induced mania. Neuropsychobiology, 8, 223224.Google Scholar
Jack, R. A., Rivers-Bulkeley, N. T. & Rabin, P. L. (1983) Secondary mania as a presentation of progressive dialysis encephalopathy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171, 193195.Google Scholar
Jamieson, R. C. & Wells, C. E. (1979) Manic psychosis in a patient with multiple metastatic brain tumors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 40, 280282.Google Scholar
Jampala, V. C. & Abrams, R. (1983) Mania secondary to left and right hemisphere damage. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 11971199.Google Scholar
Jaspers, K. (1946) General psychopathology. Allgemeine Pathologis. Berlin. Translated 1963 by Hoenig, J. & Hamilton, M. W., pp 95108, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jefferson, J. W. & Marshall, J. R. (1981) Neuropsychiatric Features of Medical Disorders. New York: Plenum: Medical Book Company.Google Scholar
Jeffries, J. J. & Lefebvre, A. (1973) Depression and mania associated with Kleine-Levin-Critchley syndrome. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 18, 439444.Google Scholar
Keddie, K. M. G. (1965) Toxic psychosis following mumps. British Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 13331339.Google Scholar
Keddie, K. M. G. (1969) Hereditary ataxia, presumed to be of the Menzel type, complicated by paranoid psychosis, in a mother and two sons. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 32, 8287.Google Scholar
Kemp, K., Lion, J. R. & Magram, G. (1977) Lithium in the treatment of a manic patient with multiple sclerosis: a case report. Diseases of the Nervous System, 38, 210211.Google ScholarPubMed
Krauthammer, C. & Klerman, G. L. (1978) Secondary mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 13331339.Google Scholar
Langworthy, O. R., Kolb, L. C. & Androp, S. (1941) Disturbances of behaviour in patients with disseminated sclerosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 98, 243249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larson, T., Sjogren, T. & Jacobson, G. (1963) Senile dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, (Suppl 167), 1259.Google Scholar
Lehmann, J. (1966) Mental disturbances followed by stupor in a patient with carcinoidosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 42, 153161.Google Scholar
Levine, D. N. & Finklestein, S. (1982) Delayed psychosis after right temporoparietal stroke or trauma: relation to epilepsy. Neurology, 32, 267273.Google Scholar
Lin, J. T-Y, & Ziegler, D. (1976) Psychiatric symptoms with initiation of carbidopa-levodopa treatment. Neurology, 26, 679700.Google Scholar
Lovett Doust, J. W. & Christie, H. (1978) The pathology of love: some clinical variants of de Clerambault's syndrome. Social Science and Medicine, 12, 99106.Google Scholar
MacCallum, W. A. G. (1973) Capgras symptoms with an organic basis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 639652.Google Scholar
MacClean, P. D. (1949) Psychosomatic disease and the “visceral brain.” Psychosomatic Medicine, 11, 338353.Google Scholar
MacNeill, A., Grennan, D. M., Ward, D. & Dick, W. C. (1976) Psychiatric problems in systemic lupus erythematosus. British Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 442445.Google Scholar
Madakusira, S. & Hall, T. B. III (1981) Capgras syndrome in a patient with myxedema. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 15061508 Google Scholar
Malamud, N. (1967) Psychiatric disorders with intracranial tumors of the limbic system. Archives of Neurology, 17, 113123.Google Scholar
Malamud, N. & Boyd, D. A. J. (1940) Pick's disease with atrophy of the temporal lobes. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 43, 210222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malliaras, D. E., Kossouvitsa, Y. T. & Christodoulou, G. N. (1978) Organic contributors to the intermetamorphosis syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 985987.Google Scholar
Mapelli, G. & Bellelli, T. (1982) Secondary mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 743.Google Scholar
McEvoy, J. P. (1981) Organic brain syndromes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 95, 212220.Google Scholar
McHugh, P. R. & Folstein, M. F. (1975) Psychiatric syndromes in Huntington's chorea. In Psychiatric Aspects of Neurologic Disease. (eds. Benson, D. F. & Blumer, D.). New York: Grune and Stratton.Google Scholar
Menninger, K. A. (1926) Influenza and schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 82, 469529.Google Scholar
Mindham, R. H. S. (1970) Psychiatric symptoms in Parkinsonism. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 33, 188191.Google Scholar
Misra, P. C. & Hay, G. G. (1971) Encephalitis presenting as acute schizophrenia. British Medical Journal, 1, 532533.Google Scholar
Mooney, H. B. (1965) Pathologic jealousy and psychochemotherapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 10231042.Google Scholar
Moskovitz, C., Mose, H. & Klawans, H. L. (1978) Levodopa-induced psychosis: a kindling phenomenon. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 669675.Google Scholar
Muller, D., Pilz, H. & Ter Meulen, V. (1969) Studies on adult metachromatic leukodystrophy. Part 1. Clinical, morphological and histochemical observations in two cases. Journal of Neurological Science, 9, 567584.Google Scholar
Nash, J. L. (1983) Delusions. In Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry, eds. Cavenar, J. O. Jr. & Brodie, H. K. H.). Philadelphia: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Nasrallah, H. A., Fowler, R. C. & Judd, L. L. (1981) Schizophrenia-like illness following head injury. Psychosomatics, 22, 359361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nauta, W. J. H. (1982) Limbic innervation of the striatum. In Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. (eds. Friedhoff, A. J. & Chase, T. N.). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Nauta, W. J. H. & Domesick, V. B. (1978) Crossroads of limbic and striatal circuitry: hypothalamo-nigral connections. In Limbic Mechanisms, (eds.Livingstone, K. E. & Hornykiewicz, O.). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Neumann, M. A. (1949) Pick's disease. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 8, 255282.Google Scholar
Oppler, W. (1950) Manic psychosis in a case of parasagittal meningioma. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 64, 417430.Google Scholar
Oyewumi, L. K. & Lapierre, Y. D. (1981) Efficacy of lithium in treating mood disorders occurring after brain stem injury. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 110112.Google Scholar
Pandey, R. S., Sreenivas, K. N., Patih, N. M. & Swamy, H. S. (1981) Dopamine β- hydroxylase in a patient with Wilson's disease and mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 16281629.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S., Fleminger, R. & Watson, J. P. (1982) Psychiatric side effects of antihypertensive drugs other than reserpine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 1439.Google Scholar
Perkins, H. A. (1950) Bromide intoxication. Archives of Internal Medicine, 85, 783794.Google Scholar
Peroutka, S. J., Sohmer, B. H., Kumer, A. J., Folstein, M. & Robinson, R. G. (1982) Hallucinations and delusions following a right temporoparieto-occipital infarction. Johns Hopkins Medical Journal, 151, 181185.Google Scholar
Pies, R. (1982) Capgras phenomenon, delirium, and transient hepatic dysfunction. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 33, 382383.Google Scholar
Pope, F. M. (1970) Parasitophobia as the presenting symptom in vitamin B12 deficiency. Practitioner, 204, 421422.Google Scholar
Powell, H., Tindall, R., Schultz, P., Paa, D., O'Brien, J. & Lampert, P. (1975). Adrenoleukodystrophy. Archives of Neurology, 32, 250260.Google Scholar
Price, T. R. P. & Tucker, G. J. (1964) Psychiatric and behavioural manifestations of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 164, 5155.Google Scholar
Quinn, D. (1981) The Capgras syndrome: two case reports and a review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 126129.Google Scholar
Rabins, P. V., Mase, N. L. & Lucas, M. J. (1982) The impact of dementia on the family. Journal of the American Medical Association, 248, 333335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raymond, R. W. & Williams, R. L. (1948) Infectious mononucleosis with psychosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 239, 542544.Google Scholar
Read, A. E., Sherlock, S., Laidlaw, J. & Walker, J. G. (1967) The neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with chronic liver disease and extensive portal-systemic collateral circulation. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 36, 135150.Google Scholar
Redlich, F. C. & Dorsey, J. F. (1945) Denial of blindness by patients with cerebral disease. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 53, 407417.Google Scholar
Remick, R. A., O'Kane, J. & Sparling, T. G. (1981) A case report of toxic psychosis with low-dose propranolol therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 850851.Google Scholar
Rennick, P. M., Nolan, D. C., Bauer, R. B. & Lerner, A. M. (1973) Neuropsychological and neurologic follow-up after herpes hominis encephalitis. Neurology, 23, 4247.Google Scholar
Reveley, A. M. & Reverey, M. A. (1983) Aqueduct stenosis and schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 46, 1822.Google Scholar
Rice, E. & Gendelman, S. (1973) Psychiatric aspects of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Journal of the American Medical Association, 223, 409412.Google Scholar
Rosen, A. (1979) Case report: Symptomatic mania and phencyclidine abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 118119.Google Scholar
Rosen, W. G., Terry, R. D., Fuld, P. A., et al. (1980). Pathological verification of ischemic score in differentiation of dementias. Annals of Neurology. 7, 486488.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, A. H. & Barry, M. J. Jr. (1975) Positive therapeutic response to lithium in hypomania secondary to organic brain syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 10721073.Google Scholar
Ross, E. D. (1981) The aprosodias. Archives of Neurology, 38, 561569.Google Scholar
Roth, N. (1945) The neuropsychiatric aspects of porphyria. Psychosomatic Medicine, 7, 291301.Google Scholar
Rothermich, N. O. & Von Haam, E. (1941) Pancreatic encephalopathy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, 1, 872881.Google Scholar
Rudnick, D. F. (1982) The paranoid-erotic syndromes. In Extraordinary Disorders of Human Behaviour, (eds. Friedman, C. T. H. & Fagnot, R. A.). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Ryback, R. S. & Schwab, R. S. (1971) Manic response to levodopa therapy. New England Journal of Medicine, 285, 788789.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanders, V. (1962) Neurologic manifestations of myxedema. New England Journal of Medicine, 266, 547–552, 599603.Google Scholar
Schenk, V. W. D. & Stolk, P. J. (1967) Psychosis following arsenic (possibly thallium) poisoning. Psychiatrica, Neurologica et Neurochirugia, 70, 3137.Google Scholar
Schreiner, G. E. (1959) Mental and personality changes in the uremic syndrome. Medical Annals of District of Columbia, 28, 316323.Google Scholar
Serby, M., Angrist, B., Lieberman, A. (1978) Mental disturbances during bromo-criptine or lergotrile treatment in Parkinson's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 12221229.Google Scholar
Shepherd, M. (1961) Morbid jealousy: some clinical and social aspects of a psychiatric symptom. Journal of Mental Science, 107, 687753.Google Scholar
Slater, E., Beard, A. W. & Glithero, E. (1963) The schizophrenia-like psychoses of epilepsy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 95150.Google Scholar
Smith, A. D. M. (1960) Megaloblastic madness. British Medical Journal, 2, 18401845.Google Scholar
Spillane, J. D. (1951) Nervous and mental disorders in Cushing's syndrome. Brain, 74, 7294.Google Scholar
Spivak, J. L. & Jackson, D. L. (1977) Pellagra: an analysis of 18 patients and a review of the literature. Johns Hopkins Medical Journal, 140, 295309.Google Scholar
Steinberg, D., Hirsch, S. R., Marston, S. D., Reynolds, K. & Sutton, R. N. P. (1972) Influenza infection causing manic psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 531535.Google Scholar
Stern, K. & Dancey, T. E. (1942) Glioma of the diencephalon in a manic patient. American Journal of Psychiatry, 98, 716719.Google Scholar
Stern, M. & Robbins, E. S. (1960) Psychoses in systemic lupus erythematosis. Archives of General Psychiatry. 3, 205212.Google Scholar
Still, R. M. L. (1958) Psychosis following Asian influenza in Barbados. Lancet, 3, 2021.Google Scholar
Strachan, R. W. & Henderson, J. G. (1967) Dementia and folate deficiency. Quaterly Journal of Medicine, 36, 189204.Google Scholar
Surawicz, F. G. & Banta, R. (1975) Lycanthropy revisited. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal. 20, 537542.Google Scholar
Sydenstricker, V. P. (1943) Psychic manifestations of nicotinic acid deficiency. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 36, 169171.Google Scholar
Symonds, C. & Mackenzie, I. (1957) Bilateral loss of vision from cerebral infarction. Brain, 80, 415455.Google Scholar
Toone, B. (1981) Psychoses in epilepsy. In Epilepsy and psychiatry, (eds. Reynolds, E. H. & Trimble, M. R.). New York: Churchill Livingston.Google Scholar
Trimble, M. R. (1981) Neuropsychiatry. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Trimble, M. R. & Cummings, J. L. (1981) Neuropsychiatric disturbances following brainstem lesions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 5659.Google Scholar
Vaillant, G. (1965) Schizophrenia in a woman with temporal lobe arteriovenous malformation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 307308.Google Scholar
Villani, S. & Weitzel, W. D. (1979) Secondary mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1031.Google Scholar
Vlissides, D., Gill, D. & Castelow, J. (1978). Bromocriptine-induced mania? British Medical Journal, 1, 510.Google Scholar
Vroom, F. Q. & Greer, M. (1972) Mercury vapour intoxication. Brain, 95, 305318.Google Scholar
Waters, B. G. H. & Lapierre, Y. D. (1981) Secondary mania associated with sympathomimetic drug use. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 837838.Google Scholar
Weinstein, E. N., Kahn, R. L., Malitz, S. & Rozanski, J. (1954) Delusional reduplication of parts of the body. Brain, 77, 4560.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisert, K. N. & Hendrie, H. C. (1977) Secondary mania? A case report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 929930.Google Scholar
Weizman, A., Eldar, M., Shoenfeld, Y., Hirschorn, M., Wijsenbeck, H. & Pinkhas, J. (1979). Hypercalcamia-induced psychopathology in malignant diseases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 363366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weston, M. J. & Whitlock, F. A. (1971) The Capgras syndrome following head injury. British Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 2531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, J. C. & Cobb, S. (1955) Psychological changes associated with giant pituitary neoplasms. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 74, 383396.Google Scholar
Wusenbeek, H., Kriegel, Y. & Landau, B. (1964) A paranoid state in a patient suffering from Sheehan syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 11201122.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. W. (1952) Delusions of parasitosis (acraphobia). Archives of Dermatology, 66, 577585.Google Scholar
Zucker, D. K., Livingston, R. L., Nakra, R. & Clayton, P. J. (1981) B12 deficiency and psychiatric disorders: case report and literature review. Biological Psychiatry, 16, 197205.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.