Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ttngx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-04T04:44:21.359Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

CT Scans in Schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Michael A. Reveley*
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF and Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals

Extract

The term ‘dementia praecox’ was used by Kraepelin to emphasise the tendency towards deterioration to a state of impairment resembling a dementia. Early studies looked for structural brain lesions post mortem, and later using pneumoencephalography; there were positive findings (Haug, 1962), but they were not always replicated (Storey, 1966). The risks and limitations of pneumoencephalography gradually led to its being abandoned. However, studies showing minor neurological abnormalities (Rochford et al, 1970) and cognitive impairment (Malec, 1978) continued to suggest an organic component to schizophrenia.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1985 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andreasen, N. C., Olsen, S. A., Dennert, J. W. & Smith, M. R. (1982b) Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: Relationship to positive and negative symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 297302.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C., Smith, M. R., Jacoby, C. G., Dennert, J. W. & Olsen, S. A. (1982a) Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: Definition and prevalence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 292296.Google ScholarPubMed
Benes, F., Sunderland, P., Jones, B. G., LeMay, M., Cohen, B. M. & Lipinski, J. F. (1982) Normal ventricles in young schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 9093.Google Scholar
Boronow, J. J., Pickar, D., van Kammen, D. P. & Paul, S. M. (1983) Normal ventricles and sulci in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 19, 581586.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1980) Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: More than one disease process? British Medical Journal, 280, 6668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dewan, M. J., Pandurangi, A. K., Lee, S. H., Ramachandran, T., Levy, B., Boucher, M., Yozawitz, A. & Major, L. F. (1983) Central brain morphology in chronic schizophrenic patients: A controlled CT study. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 11331140.Google Scholar
Donnelly, E. F., Weinberger, D. R., Waldman, I. N. & Wyatt, R. J. (1980) Cognitive impairment associated with morphological brain abnormalities on computer tomography in chronic schizophrenic patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 305308.Google Scholar
Frangos, E. & Athanassenas, G. (1982) Differences in lateral brain ventricular size among various types of chronic schizophrenics: Evidence based on a CT scan. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 66, 459463.Google Scholar
Gluck, E., Radu, E. W., Mundt, C. & Gerhardt, P. (1980) A computed tomographic prolective trohoc study of chronic schizophrenics. Neuroradiology, 20, 167171.Google Scholar
Golden, C. J., Graber, B., Coffman, J., Berg, R. A., Newlin, D. B. & Bloch, S. (1981) Structural brain deficits in schizophrenia: Identification by computer tomographic scan density measurements. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 10141017.Google Scholar
Golden, C. J., Moses, J. A. Jr., Zelazowski, R., Graber, B., Zatz, L. M., Horvath, T. B. & Berger, P. A. (1980) Cerebral ventricular size and neuropsychological impairment in young chronic schizophrenics: Measurement by the standardised Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 619623.Google Scholar
Gurling, H. M. D., Reveley, M. A. & Murray, R. M. (1984) Increased cerebral ventricular volume in monozygotic twins discordant for alcoholism. Lancet, i, 986988.Google Scholar
Haug, J. O. (1962) Pneumoencephalographic studies in mental disease. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 38, (Supplement 165) 1104.Google ScholarPubMed
Jernigan, T. L., Zatz, L. N., Moses, J. A. & Berger, P. A. (1982) Computed tomography in schizophrenics and normal volunteers: I. Fluid volume. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 765770.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Husband, J. & Kreel, L. (1976) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Lancet, ii, 924926.Google Scholar
Kling, A. S., Kurtz, N., Tachiki, K. & Orzeck, A. (1983) CT scans in subgroups of chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 375384.Google Scholar
Largen, J. W., Calderon, M. & Smith, R. C. (1983) Asymmetries in the densities of white and grey matter in the brains of schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 10601062.Google Scholar
Lewis, S. (1984) Presented to the Second Biannual Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia. Davos, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Lishman, W. A. (1978) Organic Psychiatry: The Psychological Consequences of Cerebral Disorder. Oxford, Blackwell.Google Scholar
Luchins, D. J., Weinberger, D. R. & Wyatt, R. J. (1979) Schizophrenia: Evidence of a subgroup with reversed cerebral asymmetry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 13091311.Google Scholar
Lyon, K., Wilson, J., Golden, C. J., Graber, B., Coffman, J. A. & Bloch, S. (1981) Effects of long term neuroleptic use on brain density. Psychiatry Research, 5, 3337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malec, J. (1978) Neuropsychological assessment of schizophrenia vs bain damage: A review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 166, 507516.Google Scholar
Moriguchi, I. (1981) A study of schizophrenic brains by computerised tomography scans. Folia Psychiatrica Neurologica Japonica, 35, 5572.Google Scholar
Nasrallah, H. A., Jacoby, C. G., MacCalley-Whitters, M. & Kuperman, S. (1982a) Cerebral ventricular enlargement in subtypes of chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 774777.Google Scholar
Nasrallah, H. A. McCalley-Whitters, M. & Jacoby, C. G. (1982b) Cerebral ventricular enlargement in young manic males: A controlled CT study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 4, 1519.Google Scholar
Nasrallah, H. A., Kuperman, S., Hamra, B. J. & McCalley-Whitters, M. (1983) Clinical differences between schizophrenic patients with and without large cerebral ventricles. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 44, 407409.Google Scholar
Nybacx, H., Wiesel, F. A., Berggren, B.-M. & Hindmarsh, T. (1982) Computed tomography of the brain in patients with acute psychosis and in healthy volunteers. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 65, 403414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okasha, A. & Madkour, O. (1982) Cortical and central atrophy in chronic schizophrenia: A controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 65, 2934.Google Scholar
Oxenstierna, G., Bergstrand, G., Bjerkenstedt, L., Sedvall, G. & Wik, G. (1984) Evidence of disturbed CSF circulation and brain atrophy in cases of schizophrenic psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 654661.Google ScholarPubMed
Pearlson, G. D. & Veroff, A. E. (1981) Computerised tomographic scan changes in manic depressive illness. Lancet, ii, 470.Google Scholar
Reveley, A. M. & Reveley, M. A. (1983) Aqueduct stenosis and schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 46, 1820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reveley, A. M. & Murray, R. M. (1984a) Cerebral ventricular enlargement in non-genetic schizophrenia: A controlled twin study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 8993.Google Scholar
Reveley, A. M. Chitkara, B. & Clifford, C. A. (1984b) Genetics of cerebral ventricular volume. Psychiatry Research, in press.Google Scholar
Reveley, A. M. Clifford, C. A. & Murray, R. M. (1982) Cerebral ventricular size in twins discordant for schizophrenia. Lancet, i, 540541.Google Scholar
Reveley, M. A. (1985) Ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: The validity of computerised tomographic findings. British Journal of Psychiatry, in press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochford, J. M., Detre, T., Tucker, G. J. & Harrow, M. (1970) Neuropsychological impairments in functional psychiatric diseases. Archives of General Psychiatry, 22, 114119.Google Scholar
Ron, M. A., Acker, W., Shaw, G. K. & Lishman, W. A. (1982) Computerised tomography of the brain in chronic alcoholism: A survey and follow up study. Brain, 105, 497514.Google Scholar
Schulz, S. C., Koller, M. M., Kishore, P. R., Hamer, R. M., Gehl, J. J. & Friedel, R. O. (1983) Ventricular enlargement in teenage patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 15921595.Google Scholar
Storey, P. B. (1966) Lumbar air encephalography in chronic schizophrenia: A controlled experiment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 112, 135144.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Y., Hazama, H., Kawahara, R. & Kobayashi, K. (1981) Computerised tomography of the brain in schizophrenic patients: A controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 63, 191197.Google Scholar
Targum, S. D., Rosen, L. N., De Lisi, L. E., Weinberger, D. R. & Citrin, C. M. (1983) Cerebral ventricular size in major depressive disorder: Association with delusional symptoms. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 329336.Google Scholar
Tsai, L. Y., Nasrallah, H. A. & Jacoby, C. G. (1983) Hemispheric asymmetries on computed tomographic scans in schizophrenia and mania: A controlled study and a critical review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 12861289.Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Bigelow, L. B., Kleinman, J. E., Klein, S. T., Rosenblatt, J. E. & Wyatt, R. J. (1980a) Cerebral ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia: An association with poor response to treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1113.Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Cannon-Spoor, E., Potkin, S. G. & Wyatt, R. J. (1980b) Poor premorbid adjustment and CT scan abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 14101413.Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., DeLisi, L. E., Neophytides, A. N. & Wyatt, R. J. (1981) Familial aspects of CT scan abnormalities in chronic schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Research, 4, 6571.Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Perman, G. P., Targum, S. & Wyatt, R. J. (1982) Computed tomography in schizophreniform disorder and other acute psychiatric disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 778783.Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Torrey, E. F., Neophytides, A. N. & Wyatt, R. J. (1979b) Structural abnormalities in the cerebral cortex of chronic schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 935939.Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Torrey, E. F., Neophytides, A. N. (1979a) Lateral cerebral ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 735739.Google Scholar
Williams, A. O., Reveley, M. A., Kolakowska, T., Ardern, M. & Mandelbrote, B. M. (1985) Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome: II. Cerebral ventricular size and its clinical significance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 239246.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.