Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-5g6vh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T08:53:31.469Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Fatigue and Fatigability

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

H. G. Kennedy*
Affiliation:
The Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF

Abstract

“One spring, towards the end of March, I happened to be in Rome, and, hearing that the migration of the quails had begun, I went down to Palo on the sea coast in order to ascertain whether these birds, after their journey from Africa, showed any of the phenomena of fatigue.”

Type
Annotation
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1988 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM-III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Baker, G. H. B. (1987) Psychological factors and immunity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31, 110.Google Scholar
Bartley, S. H. & Chute, E. (1947) Fatigue and Impairment in Man. New York: McGraw Hill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. & Emery, G. (1979) Cognitive Therapy for Depression. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Behan, P. O. & Behan, W. M. H. (1980) Epidemic myalgic encephalomyelitis. In Clinical Neuroimmunology (ed. Rose, F. C., pp. 374383. Tunbridge Wells: Pitman Medical.Google Scholar
Behan, P. O., (1985) The post-viral fatigue syndrome. An analysis of the findings in fifty cases. Journal of Infections, 10, 211222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borysiewicz, L. K., Haworth, S. J., Cohen, J., Mundin, J., Rickinson, A. & Sissons, J. G. P. (1986) Epstein-Barr specific immune defects in patients with persistent symptoms following infectious mononucleosis. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, New Series, 58, 111121.Google Scholar
Brashear, B. E. (1983) Hyperventilation syndrome. Lung, 161, 257273.Google Scholar
Broughton, R. (1968) Sleep disorders: disorders of arousal? Science, 159, 10701077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, I. D. (1982) Driving fatigue. Endeavour, 6, 8390.Google Scholar
Carver, C. S., Coleman, A. E. & Glass, D. C. (1976) The coronary-prone behaviour pattern and the suppression of fatigue on a treadmill test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 460466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Checkley, S. A. & Crammer, J. L. (1977) Hormone responses to methylamphetamine in depression: a new approach to the noradrenaline depletion hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 582586.Google Scholar
Coppen, A. & Metcalf, M. (1965) Effect of a depressive illness on MPI scores. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 236239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, P. T. & McCrea, R. R. (1985) Hypochondriasis, neuroticism and aging. American Psychologist, 40, 1928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dessypris, A., Kuopassalmi, K. & Adlercreutz, H. (1976) Plasma Cortisol, testosterone, androstenedione and lutinizing hormone in a non-competitive marathon run. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 7, 3337.Google Scholar
Dodge, R. (1982) Circadian rhythms and fatigue; a discrimination of their effects on performance. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, 53, 11311137.Google Scholar
Easterbrook, J. A. (1959) The effect of emotion on cue utilisation and the organisation of behaviour. Psychological Reviews, 66, 183201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekblom, B. & Goldbarg, A. N. (1971) The influence of physical training and other factors on the subjective rating of perceived exertion. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 83, 399406.Google Scholar
Eysenck, M. W. (1982) Attention and Arousal: Cognition and Performance. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Fairburn, C. G. & Cooper, P. J. (1984) The clinical features of bulimia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 238246.Google Scholar
Fonesca, V. & Havard, C. W. H. (1985) Electrolyte disturbances and cardiac failure with hypomagnesaemia in anorexia nervosa. British Medical Journal, 291, 16801682.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P. (1972) The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Guilleminault, C. (1985) Disorders of excessive sleepiness. Annals of Clinical Research, 17, 209219.Google ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 278296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanna, S., Harrison, M., MacIntyre, I. & Fraser, R. (1960) The syndrome of magnesium deficiency in man. The Lancet, ii, 172176.Google Scholar
Havard, C. W. H. (1985) Lassitude (Editorial) British Medical Journal, 290, 11611162.Google Scholar
Hennemann, P. H., Wang, D. M. K., Irwin, J. W. & Burrage, W. S. (1955) Syndrome following abrupt cessation of prolonged therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 158, 384.Google Scholar
Hockey, G. R. J. (1970) Changes in attention in a multicomponent task under loss of sleep. British Journal of Psychology, 61, 473480.Google Scholar
Issa, F. Q. & Sullivan, C. E. (1982) Alcohol, snoring and sleep apnoea. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 45, 353359.Google Scholar
Jain, S. (1983) Autokinesis and some conditions of fatigue. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 147154.Google Scholar
Jones, M. & Lewis, A. (1941) Effort syndrome. The Lancet, i, 813818.Google Scholar
Katz, R. & McGuffin, P. (1987) Neuroticism in familial depression. Psychological Medicine, 17, 155161.Google Scholar
Klein, K. E., Wegmann, H. M. & Hunt, B. I. (1972) Desynchronisation of body temperature and performance circadian rhythm as a result of outgoing and homegoing transmeridian flights. Aerospace Medicine, 43, 119132.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1902) Leherbuch der Psychiatrie (6th German edn) Translated (1902) as Clinical Psychiatry by Defendorf, A. R. New York: The MacMillan Company.Google Scholar
Lishman, W. A. (1978) Organic Psychiatry. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Locke, S. E., Kraus, L., Leserman, J., Hurst, M. W., Heisel, J. S. & Williams, R. M. (1984) Life stress, psychiatric symptoms and natural killer cell activity. Psychosomatic Medicine, 46, 441453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, E. M., Mann, A. H. & Thomas, H. C. (1987) Interferons as mediators of psychiatric morbidity. The Lancet, ii, 11751177.Google Scholar
McNair, D. M., Lorr, M. & Droppleman, L. F. (1971) Profile of Mood States. San Diego, California: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar
Marsden, C. D., Meadows, J. C. & Merton, P. A. (1983) “Muscular wisdom” that minimizes fatigue during prolonged effort in man: peak rate of motoneuron discharge and slowing of discharge during fatigue. Advances in Neurology, 39, 509539.Google Scholar
Martinsen, E. W., Medhus, A. & Sandvik, L. (1985) Effects of aerobic exercise on depression: a controlled study. British Medical Journal, 291, 109.Google Scholar
Mathew, R. J., Weiman, M. L. & Mirabi, M. (1981) Physical symptoms of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 293296.Google Scholar
Morrison, J. D. (1980) Fatigue as a presenting complaint in family practice. Journal of Family Practice, 5, 795801.Google Scholar
Mosso, A. (1904) Fatigue (transl. Drummond, M. & Drummond, W. B.). London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.Google Scholar
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1978) 1975 Summary. Hyattsville: National Centre for Health Statistics.Google Scholar
Norrelund, N. & Holnagel, H. (1979) Fatigue among 40-year olds. Ugeskr Laeger, 141, 14251429.Google ScholarPubMed
Ogden, G. D., Levine, J. M. & Eisner, E. J. (1979) Measurement of workload by secondary tasks. Human Factors, 21, 529548.Google Scholar
Orr, W. C. (1983) Sleep-related breathing disorders. Chest, 84, 475480.Google Scholar
Orr, W. C. Imes, N. K., Martin, R. J., Rogers, R. M. & Stahl, M. L. (1979) Hypersomnolent and nonhypersomnolent patients with upper airway obstruction during sleep. Chest, 75, 418422.Google Scholar
Overall, J. E. (1980) Correlational structure of a new self-rating scale for psychiatric patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 616624.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S. (1971) Classification of depressed patients: a cluster analysis derived grouping. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 275288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, M. G., Qadiri, M. R. & Finn, R. (1986) Hypokalemia with chronic hyperventilation syndrome. British Journal of Clinical Practice, 40, 2829.Google Scholar
Poteliakhoff, A. (1981) Adrenocortical activity and some clinical findings in acute and chronic fatigue. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 25, 9195.Google Scholar
Ramsey, A. M. (1986) Postviral Fatigue Syndrome: the Saga of Royal Free Disease. Stanford Hope, Essex: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Association.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. A. (1985) Loss of form in young athletes due to viral infection. British Medical Journal, 290, 357358.Google Scholar
Rose, R. M. (1984) Overview of the endocrinology of stress. In Neuroendocrinology and Psychiatric Disorder (eds Brown, G. M., Koslow, S. H. & Reichlin, S.). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sullivan, C. E., Berthon-Jones, M. & Issa, F. Q. (1983) American Review of Respiratory Diseases, 128, 177181.Google Scholar
Taerk, G. S., Toner, B. B., Salit, I., Garfinkel, P. E. & Ozersky, S. (1987) Depression in patients with neuromyasthenia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 49, 214.Google Scholar
Thomas, P. K. (1987) Postviral fatigue syndrome (Letter). The Lancet, i, 218219.Google Scholar
Weber, A., Jermini, C. & Grandjean, E. P. (1975) Relationship between objective and subjective assessment of experimentally induced fatigue. Ergonomics, 18, 151156.Google Scholar
Weiss, B. & Laties, V. G. (1962) Enhancement of human performance by caffeine and the amphetamines. Pharmacology Reviews, 14, 136.Google ScholarPubMed
Wessely, S. (1987) Mass hysteria: two syndromes? Psychological Medicine, 17, 109120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, P. (1941) DaCosta's syndrome (or effort syndrome). British Medical Journal, i, 767772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.