Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T20:39:14.861Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Factitious Illness by Proxy

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Christopher Bools*
Affiliation:
Department of Child and Family Psychiatry, Royal United Hospital, Bath BA1 3NG

Abstract

Background

Since 1977 a literature has grown describing examples of factitious illness by proxy (FIP).

Method

The literature in English was searched using MEDLINE and supplemented by a manual search. Extracted data focused on terminology of a spectrum of behaviours, clinical features and psychopathology of perpetrators.

Results

There has been difficulty with the use of terminology and classification of psychiatric disorders.

Conclusions

The spectrum of FIP is wide. Suggestions are made for the use of terminology and classification when FIP is identified.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, R., Smith, W. & Stevenson, R. (1990) Serial Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Pediatrics, 86, 581585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised) (DSM–III–R). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM–IV). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Black, D. (1981) The extended Munchausen syndrome: a family case. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 466469.Google Scholar
Bools, C. N., Neale, B. A. & Meadow, S. R. (1992) Co-morbidity associated with fabricated illness (Munchausen syndrome by proxy). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 67, 7779.Google Scholar
Bools, C. N., Neale, B. A. & Meadow, S. R. (1993) Follow up of victims of fabricated illness (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 69, 625630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bools, C. N., Neale, B. A. & Meadow, S. R. (1994) Munchausen syndrome by proxy: A study of psychopathology. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 773788.Google Scholar
Cantwell, H. B. (1984) Child protective services in parental mismanagement of diabetes. Diabetes Educator, 10, 4143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dershewitz, R., Vestal, B., Maclaren, N. K., et al (1976) Transient hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia: a consequence of malicious insulin administration. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 130, 998999.Google Scholar
Eminson, D. M. & Postlethwaite, R. J. (1992) Factitious illness: recognition and management. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 67, 15101516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, M. A., Markowitz, R. L., Gallo, D. M., et al (1987) Munchausen syndrome by proxy: considerations in diagnosis and conformation by video surveillance. Pediatrics, 89, 220224.Google Scholar
Feldman, K. W., Christopher, D. M. & Opheim, K. B. (1989) Munchausen syndrome/bulimia by proxy: ipecac as a toxin in child abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 13, 257261.Google Scholar
Fialkov, M. J. (1984) Peregrination in the problem pediatric patient: the pediatric Munchausen syndrome? Clinical Pediatrics, 23, 571575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, G. C. & Mitchell, I. (1992) Munchausen's syndrome by proxy (factitious illness by proxy). Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 5, 224227.Google Scholar
Fisher, G. C., Mitchell, I. & Murdoch, D. (1993) Munchausen's syndrome by proxy. The question of psychiatric illness in a child. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 701703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, M. & Solnit, A. J. (1964) Reactions to the loss of a child: A vulnerable child syndrome. Pediatrics, 34, 5866.Google Scholar
Hosch, I. A. (1987) Munchausen syndrome by proxy. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 12, 4852.Google Scholar
Jones, D. P. H. (1983) Dermatitis artefacta in mother and baby as child abuse. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 199200.Google Scholar
Jones, J. G., Butler, H. L., Hamilton, B., et al (1986) Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Child Abuse and Neglect, 10, 3340.Google Scholar
Jureidini, J. (1993) Obstetric Factitious Disorder and Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 135137.Google Scholar
Krener, P. & Adelman, R. (1988) Parent salvage and parent sabotage in the care of chronically ill children. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 142, 945951.Google Scholar
Libow, J. A. & Schreier, H. A. (1986) Three forms of factitious illness in children: when is it Munchausen syndrome by proxy? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 56, 602611.Google Scholar
Masterson, J., Dunworth, R. & Williams, N. (1988) Extreme illness exaggeration in pediatric patients: a variant of Munchausen's by proxy? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58, 188195.Google Scholar
McGuire, T. L. & Feldman, K. W. (1989) Psychologic morbidity of children subjected to Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Pediatrics, 83, 289292.Google Scholar
Meadow, R. (1977) Munchausen syndrome by proxy: the hinterland of child abuse. Lancet, 2, 343345.Google Scholar
Meadow, R. (1982) Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 57, 9298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meadow, R. (1990) Suffocation, recurrent apnea and sudden infant death. Journal of Pediatrics, 117, 351357.Google Scholar
Meadow, R. (1991) Neurological and developmental variants of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 33, 270272.Google Scholar
Nicol, A. R. & Eccles, M. (1985) Psychotherapy for Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 60, 344348.Google Scholar
Orenstein, D. M. & Wasserman, A. L. (1986) Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 503508.Google Scholar
Palmer, A. J. & Yoshimura, G. J. (1984) Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 503508.Google Scholar
Pickford, E., Buchanan, N. & McLaughlan, S. (1988) Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a family anthology. Medical Journal of Australia, 148, 646650.Google Scholar
Rogers, D., Tripp, J., Bentovim, A., et al (1976) Non-accidental poisoning: an extended syndrome of child abuse. British Medical Journal, 1, 793796.Google Scholar
Rosen, C. L., Frost, J. D. & Glaze, D. G. (1986) Child abuse and recurrent apnea. Journal of Pediatrics, 109, 10651067.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, D. A. (1987) Web of deceit: a literature review of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 547563.Google Scholar
Samuels, M. P., McLaughlin, W., Jacobson, R. R., et al (1992) Fourteen cases of imposed upper airway obstruction. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 67, 162170.Google Scholar
Schreier, H. A. & Libow, J. (1993) Hurting for Love: Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome. London: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Southall, D. P., Stebbens, V. A., Rees, S. V., et al (1987) Apnoeic episodes induced by smothering: two cases identified by covert video surveillance. British Medical Journal, 294, 16371641.Google Scholar
Stone, F. B. (1989) Munchausen by proxy syndrome: An unusual form of child abuse. Social Casework, April, 243246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, D. C. (1992) Outlandish Factitious Illness. Recent Advances in Paediatrics, 10, 6376.Google Scholar
Waller, D. A. (1983) Obstacles to the treatment of Munchausen by proxy syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22, 8085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waring, W. W. (1992) The persistent parent American Journal of Diseases in Childhood, 146, 753756.Google Scholar
Warner, J. O. & Hathaway, M. J. (1984) The allergic form of Meadow's syndrome (Munchausen by proxy). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 59, 151156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, J. B. G., Davies, J. M. & Hunter, J. L. P. (1979) Nonaccidental poisoning in childhood. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 54, 143144.Google Scholar
Woollcott, P., Aceto, T., Rutt, C., et al (1982) Doctor shopping with the child as proxy patient: a variant of child abuse. Journal of Pediatrics, 101, 297301.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1992) The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD–10). Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.