Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-17T01:58:14.868Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Onset and recovery from panic disorder in the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area follow-up

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2018

William W. Eaton ,
James C. Anthony ,
Alan Romanoski ,
Allen Tien ,
Joseph Gallo ,
Guojun Cai ,
Karen Neufeld ,
Thomas Schlaepfer ,
Jonathan Laugharne  and
Li-Shiun Chen
William W. Eaton*
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Hygiene, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
James C. Anthony
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Hygiene, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Alan Romanoski
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Allen Tien
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Hygiene, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Joseph Gallo
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Hygiene, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Guojun Cai
Affiliation:
Centre for Health Development, World Health Organization, Kobe City, Japan
Karen Neufeld
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Thomas Schlaepfer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
Jonathan Laugharne
Affiliation:
Geraldton Regional Aboriginal Medical Service, Australia
Li-Shiun Chen
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Hygiene, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
*
William W. Eaton, Department of Mental Hygiene, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore 21205-1999, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

The objective is to estimate parameters of the natural history of panic disorder, including its prodrome, incidence, recovery and recurrence.

Method

In 1981 the Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study interviewed 3481 individuals probabilistically selected from the household population. During 1993–1996, 1920 of these individuals (73% of survivors) were interviewed again. Baseline and follow-up interviews included the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. During the follow-up, a subsample was assessed by psychiatrists using the World Health Organization Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN).

Results

There were 35 new cases of panic disorder in 24 475 person years of exposure, yielding an annual incidence of 1.43 per 1000 per year. Data from the SCAN assessments suggest the incidence estimate is conservative. Incidence is greater in females and declines with age. About one-third of the new cases arise without agoraphobia, but about half have anxiety of some sort present for many years prior to meeting criteria for diagnosis. People with agoraphobia have less intense onsets but slower recoveries than those without agoraphobia.

Conclusions

Panic is heterogeneous in its pattern of onset and recovery. Some of the heterogeneity is associated with the presence of other anxiety over a long period of the life.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 173 , Issue 6 , December 1998 , pp. 501 - 507
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM–III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised) (DSM–III–R). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Asnis, G. M. & van Praag, H. M. (eds) (1995) Panic Disorder: Clinical, Biological, and Treatment Aspects. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Badawi, M. A., Eaton, W. W., Myllyluoma, J., et al (1998) Psychopathotogy and attrition in the Balitmore ECA follow-up 1981–1996. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, in press.Google Scholar
Diggle, P. J., Kung-Yee, L. & Zege, S. L. (1994) Analysis of Longitudinal Data. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Diggle, P. J., Anthony, J. C., Gallo, J. J., et al (1997) Natural history of DIS/DSM major depression: The Baltimore ECA follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 993–999.Google Scholar
Eaton, W. W., Regie, D. A., Locke, B. Z., et al (1981) The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program of the National Institute of Mental Health. Public Health Reports, 96, 319–325.Google Scholar
Eaton, W. W. & Kessler, L. G. (1985) Epidemiologic Field Methods in Psychiatry: The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Orlando, FL: Academic Press Inc.Google Scholar
Eaton, W. W., Kramer, M., Anthony, J. C., et al (1989) The incidence of specific DIS/DSM–III Mental Disorders: data from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 79, 163–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eaton, W. W., Dryman, A. & Weissman, M. M. (1991) Panic and phobia. In Psychiatric Disorders in America. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (eds Robins, L. N. & Regier, D. A.). New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Eaton, W. W., Kessler, R. C., Wittehen, H.-U., et of (1994) Panic and panic disorder in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 413–420.Google Scholar
Eaton, W. W., Badawi, M. & Melton, B. (1995) Prodromes and precursors: Epidemiologic data for primary prevention of disorders with slow onset. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 967–972.Google ScholarPubMed
Eaton, W. W., Anthony, J. C. Gafto, J., et al (1997) Natural history of DIS/DSM major depression: The Baltimore ECA follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 993–999.Google Scholar
Gibbons, R. D., Hedeker, D., Elkin, I., et al (1993) Some conceptual and statistical issues in analysis of longitudinal psychiatric data: Application to the NIMH treatment of depression collaborative research program dataset. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 739–750.Google Scholar
Hagnell, O. (1966) A Prospective Study of the Incidence of Mental Disorder. Stockholm: Svenska Bokforlaget.Google Scholar
Hayward, C., Killen, J. D. & Taylor, C. B. (1989) Panic attacks in young adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1061–1062.Google Scholar
Katerndahl, D. A. & Realini, J. P. (1993) Lifetime prevalence of panic states. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 246–249.Google Scholar
Kessler, L. G., Fotsom, R., Royall, R., et al (1985) Parameter and variance estimation. Epidemiologic Field Methods in Psychiatry: The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program (eds Eaton, W. W. & Kessler, L. G.), pp. 327–349. Orlando. FL: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Nelson, C. B., et al (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM–III–R. Psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.Google Scholar
Keyl, P. & Eaton, W. W. (1990) Risk factors for the onset of panic attacks and panic disorder. American Journal of Epidemiology, 131, 301–311.Google Scholar
Lawless, J. F. (1982) Statistical Models and Methods for Lifetime Data. Wiley Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Leaf, P. J., Myers, J. K. & McEvoy, L. T. (1991) Procedures Used in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (eds Robins, L. N. & Regier, D. A.), pp. 11–32. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Lyketsos, C. G., Nestodt, G. N., Curi, J., et al (1994) The life chart interview: A standardized method to describe the course of psychopathology. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 4, 143–155.Google Scholar
Magee, W. J., Eaton, W. W., Wittchen, H.-U., et al (1996) Agoraphobia, simple phobia, and social phobia in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 159–168.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Heizer, J. E., Croughan, J. L., et al (1981) National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381–389.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. & Regier, D. A. (eds) (1991) Psychiatric Disorders in America – The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. (1983) Psychiatric diagnosis: are clinicians still necessary? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 24, 399–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tomov, T. & Nikolov, V. (1990) Reliability of SCAN Categories and Scores: results of the field trials. In Psychiatry, A World Perspective. Volume 1: Classification and Psychopathology; Child Psychiatry; Substance Use. Proceedings of the VIII World Congress of Psychiatry, Athens. 12–19 October 1989 (eds Costas, N., Stefanis, A., Rabavilas, D., et al). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.Google Scholar
Von Korff, M., Eaton, W. W. & Keyl, P. (1985) The epidemiology of panic attacks and panic disorder: Results of three community surveys. American Journal of Epidemiology, 122, 970–981.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, J. K., Babor, T., Brugha, T., et al (1990) SCAN: Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 589–593.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1993–1994) SCAN: Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, Version 2.0. Geneva, Switzerland: Psychiatric Publishers International/American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1992) The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD–10). Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.